HTML

Sunday 21 November 2021

The gift deed can be conditional or unconditional.

The gift deed can be conditional or unconditional. If the gift deed is conditional then either the title may pass to the donee if the condition precedent is met, or the transfer of title may be revoked if the condition is not met. 2.

conditional gift deed can be executed by donor

2) as per gift deed condition can be incoprorated that donee shall maintain the donor during his lifetime

3) condition can be incoprorated that in case donee dies before donor gift cn be revoked

In this case the donee have been given vested interest on the happening of a certain event i.e. death of donor :; so the gift is valid.

2. Yes the gift can be conditional on this ground also since donor has no control on the date of his death.

In Thakur Raghunath Ji Maharaj v. Ramesh Chandra, (2001) 5 SCC 18; it is held by the supreme court of India that conditonal gift is valid. it is not necessary that such condition should be inserted in gift deed, if a separate agreement is made in respect of property gifted then such agreement renders it as a conditional gift.


What you must know when making a gift deed

Donor can stipulate conditions in a Gift Deed and resort to cancellation on non-compliance


Donor can stipulate conditions in a Gift Deed and resort to cancellation on non-compliance

Donor can stipulate conditions in a Gift Deed and resort to cancellation on non-compliance: The Clarification by the Supreme Court of India

An appeal was made to the Supreme Court raising a fundamental question as to the legality and nature of a gift deed wherein the donor reserves his right to possession and enjoyment of the property and the conveyance is subjected to the fulfillment of certain stipulated conditions present in the deed.

The two main issues raised before the court in the present appeal were[1]:
(i) whether a document styled as gift deed but admittedly executed for consideration, part of which has been paid and the balance promised to be paid, can be treated as formal document or instrument of gift, and
(ii) whether a document in terms whereof the executants of the document retained possession and reserved her right over the property being the subject matter of the document could be a deed of gift or whether such a document was a document in the nature of a will

The appellant in the present case is a widow, aged 74 years, who executed a gift deed in favor of the respondent (i.e. nephew of the appellant) in the expectation that he will take due care of the appellant and her husband and also for some pecuniary consideration. On a plain reading of the deed of gift it could be perceived that the deed will come in effect on the instance of the death of the appellant and her husband and not before.

The appellant in due course of time, in and around, 02.06.1999 executed a deed of cancellation thereby canceling the gift deed so made. To this effect, the respondent approached the court of learned Munsif Sasthamcotta praying to declare the cancellation deed as null and void and for his declaration of title over the suit property. To this the appellant filed another suit praying for a permanent injunction restraining the respondent from trespassing, committing waste or mischief in the suit property. Not going too much into the detailed timeline of the case, the present appeal is brought against the order dated 03.04.2017 of the High Court of Kerela at Ernakulam.

To understand what constitutes as a Gift, the Supreme Court in the case of Naramadaben Maganlal Thakker v. Pranivandas Maganlal Thakker and others, held “Gift means to transfer certain existing moveable or immoveable property voluntarily and without consideration by one person called the donor to another called the done and accepted by or on behalf of the donee”

The Supreme Court vide its judgment clarified that “A conditional gift with no recital of acceptance and no evidence in proof of acceptance, where possession remains with the donor as long as he is alive, does not become complete during the lifetime of the donor. When a gift is incomplete and title remains with the donor the deed of gift might be canceled”

The supreme court has with precision outlined that the conditions stipulated in the deed of a gift does not make the gift invalid and such gift shall be complete only upon fulfillment of the conditions, needless to say, that before such an instance the donor can cancel the deed of gift.

The position which is clarified in the instant case is with regard to the provisions effecting gift under the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 and not with regard to other personal laws on the subject.

For your ready reference, the definition of gift under section 122 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 is as under –
“Gift” is the transfer of certain existing movable or immovable property made voluntarily and without consideration, by one person, called the donor, to another, called the donee, and accepted by or on behalf of the donee.

The court to reach on the conclusion on the subject relied largely on the judgment of Reninkuntla Rajamma v. K. Sarwanamma[2], wherein it was held that the fact that the donor had reserved the right to enjoy the property during her lifetime did not affect the validity of the deed. The Court held that a gift made by registered instrument duly executed by or on behalf of the donor and attested by at least two witnesses is valid, if the same is accepted by or on behalf of the done. Such acceptance must, however, be made during the lifetime of the donor and while he is still capable of making an acceptance.

The court accepting this judgment was of the view that where a gift deed is executed subjected to certain conditions, the satisfaction of those conditions is of utmost importance and that conditions do not make the gift void neither does reserving the right to enjoy and possess the subject property by the donor.

The Supreme Court concluding the instant case held “We are in agreement with the decision of this Court in Reninkuntla Rajamma that there is no provision in law that ownership in property cannot be gifted without transfer of possession of such property. However, the conditions precedent of a gift as defined in section 122 of the Transfer of Property Act must be satisfied. A gift is transfer of property without consideration. Moreover, a conditional gift only becomes complete on compliance of the conditions in the deed”

The decision was given by a bench ofJustice Arun MishraandJustice Indira Banerjee in S. Sarojini Amma v. Velayudhan Pillai Sreekumar[3].

End-Notes
[1] CIVIL APPEAL NO. 10785 OF 2018
[2] (2014) 9 SCC 445
[3] CIVIL APPEAL NO. 10785 OF 2018


Livemint wants to start sending you push notifications. Click allow to subscribe

Home / Opinion / Online-views /  Donor can decide whom to make a gift and in what proportion

Donor can decide whom to make a gift and in what proportion

iStockphotos<br />
iStockphotos

To whom your mother gifts the property and in what proportion is the prerogative of your mother.

My mother owns a house and we are two brothers and two sisters. My mother wants to bequeath the house to her sons only as she gave money to my two sisters when they got married in 1999 and 2005, respectively. However, my sisters want equal claim in the house. Can they legally claim that in a court of law? Is it better to just get a will drafted as per my mother’s wish and get it executed when required? Also, my mother wants to bequeath a majority of the property in my name as I have taken care of her for a long time. Can my brother challenge her decision?

Make a gift: If your mother wants to transfer the house to you and your brother during her lifetime, your mother may execute a gift deed, gifting the property to you and your brother in the proportion that she wishes. As per section 122 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882, a gift is considered valid when it is made voluntarily; it is without consideration, there has been an offer by the donor; and the offer has been accepted by the donee, and the donee actually accepts the gift. Your sisters may challenge the said gift if any of the four conditions have not been fulfilled.


Under section 17 of the Indian Registration Act, 1908, the “instruments of gift of immovable property" is a document that needs to be compulsorily registered. Section 49 of the Registration Act inter alia states that no document required by section 17 or by any provision of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 to be registered shall affect any immovable property comprised therein unless it has been registered. Thus, if the gift deed is not registered, it can be challenged by your siblings.

Your sisters could also challenge the gift on the ground that the gift deed was executed by your mother as a result of fraud being practised on her or as a result of misrepresentation of facts or under undue influence or that she has not exercised her free will to execute the said gift deed. However, your sisters will have to furnish proof.

It may be noted that to whom your mother gifts the property and in what proportion is the prerogative of your mother so your siblings can’t challenge the gift on these grounds

Make a will: If your mother does not want to transfer the property to you and your brother during her lifetime, she may execute a will and bequeath it in the proportion that she wishes.

A will need not be compulsorily registered. But two competent persons should have signed the will as witnesses.

Your siblings may challenge the will in a court of competent jurisdiction but they will have to prove that it was not executed by your mother while exercising her free will.

No gift, no will: If your mother dies intestate (without a will), then each of your siblings and you will inherit the property in accordance with the laws of succession that govern your mother at the time of her death.



Friday 19 November 2021

sec 73. Compensation for loss or damage caused by breach of contract.

Section 73 in The Indian Contract Act, 1872
73. Compensation for loss or damage caused by breach of contract.—When a contract has been broken, the party who suffers by such breach is entitled to receive, from the party who has broken the contract, compensation for any loss or damage caused to him thereby, which naturally arose in the usual course of things from such breach, or which the parties knew, when they made the contract, to be likely to result from the breach of it. —When a contract has been broken, the party who suffers by such breach is entitled to receive, from the party who has broken the contract, compensation for any loss or damage caused to him thereby, which naturally arose in the usual course of things from such breach, or which the parties knew, when they made the contract, to be likely to result from the breach of it." Such compensation is not to be given for any remote and indirect loss or damage sustained by reason of the breach. Compensation for failure to discharge obligation resembling those created by contract.—When an obligation resembling those created by contract has been incurred and has not been discharged, any person injured by the failure to discharge it is entitled to receive the same compensation from the party in default, as if such person had contracted to discharge it and had broken his contract. —When an obligation resembling those created by contract has been incurred and has not been discharged, any person injured by the failure to discharge it is entitled to receive the same compensation from the party in default, as if such person had contracted to discharge it and had broken his contract." Explanation.—In estimating the loss or damage arising from a breach of contract, the means which existed of remedying the inconvenience caused by the non-performance of the contract must be taken into account. Illustrations
(a) A contracts to sell and deliver 50 maunds of saltpetre to B, at a certain price to be paid on delivery. A breaks his promise. B is entitled to receive from A, by way of compensation, the sum, if any, by which the contract price falls short of the price for which B might have obtained 50 maunds of saltpetre of like quality at the time when the saltpetre ought to have been delivered. (a) A contracts to sell and deliver 50 maunds of saltpetre to B, at a certain price to be paid on delivery. A breaks his promise. B is entitled to receive from A, by way of compensation, the sum, if any, by which the contract price falls short of the price for which B might have obtained 50 maunds of saltpetre of like quality at the time when the saltpetre ought to have been delivered."
(b) A hires B’s ship to go to Bombay, and there takes on board, on the first of January, a cargo, which A is to provide, and to bring it to Calcutta, the freight to be paid when earned. B’s ship does not go to Bombay, but A has opportunities of procuring suitable conveyance for the cargo upon terms as advantageous as those on which he had chartered the ship. A avails himself of those opportunities, but is put to trouble and expense in doing so. A is entitled to receive compensation from B in respect of such trouble and expense. (b) A hires B’s ship to go to Bombay, and there takes on board, on the first of January, a cargo, which A is to provide, and to bring it to Calcutta, the freight to be paid when earned. B’s ship does not go to Bombay, but A has opportunities of procuring suitable conveyance for the cargo upon terms as advantageous as those on which he had chartered the ship. A avails himself of those opportunities, but is put to trouble and expense in doing so. A is entitled to receive compensation from B in respect of such trouble and expense."
(c) A contracts to buy of B, at a stated price, 50 maunds of rice, no time being fixed for delivery. A afterwards informs B that he will not accept the rice if tendered to him. B is entitled to receive from A, by way of compensation, the amount, if any, by which the contract price exceeds that which B can obtain for the rice at the time when A informs B that he will not accept it. (c) A contracts to buy of B, at a stated price, 50 maunds of rice, no time being fixed for delivery. A afterwards informs B that he will not accept the rice if tendered to him. B is entitled to receive from A, by way of compensation, the amount, if any, by which the contract price exceeds that which B can obtain for the rice at the time when A informs B that he will not accept it."

(d) A contracts to buy B’s ship for 60,000 rupees, but breaks his promise. A must pay to B, by way of compensation, the excess, if any, of the contract price over the price which B can obtain for the ship at the time of the breach of promise. (d) A contracts to buy B’s ship for 60,000 rupees, but breaks his promise. A must pay to B, by way of compensation, the excess, if any, of the contract price over the price which B can obtain for the ship at the time of the breach of promise."
(e) A, the owner of a boat, contracts with B to take a cargo of jute to Mirzapur, for sale at that place, starting on a specified day. The boat, owing to some avoidable cause, does not start at the time appointed, whereby the arrival of the cargo at Mirzapur is delayed beyond the time when it would have arrived if the boat had sailed according to the contract. After that date, and before the arrival of the cargo, the price of jute falls. The measure of the compensation payable to B by A is the difference between the price which B could have obtained for the cargo at Mirzapur at the time when it would have arrived if forwarded in due course, and its market price at the time when it actually arrived. (e) A, the owner of a boat, contracts with B to take a cargo of jute to Mirzapur, for sale at that place, starting on a specified day. The boat, owing to some avoidable cause, does not start at the time appointed, whereby the arrival of the cargo at Mirzapur is delayed beyond the time when it would have arrived if the boat had sailed according to the contract. After that date, and before the arrival of the cargo, the price of jute falls. The measure of the compensation payable to B by A is the difference between the price which B could have obtained for the cargo at Mirzapur at the time when it would have arrived if forwarded in due course, and its market price at the time when it actually arrived."
(f) A contracts to repair B’s house in a certain manner, and receives payment in advance. A repairs the house, but not according to contract. B is entitled to recover from A the cost of making the repairs conform to the contract. (f) A contracts to repair B’s house in a certain manner, and receives payment in advance. A repairs the house, but not according to contract. B is entitled to recover from A the cost of making the repairs conform to the contract."

(g) A contracts to let his ship to B for a year, from the first of January, for a certain price. Freights rise, and, on the first of January, the hire obtainable for the ship is higher than the contract price. A breaks his promise. He must pay to B, by way of compensation, a sum equal to the difference between the contract price and the price for which B could hire a similar ship for a year on and from the first of January. (g) A contracts to let his ship to B for a year, from the first of January, for a certain price. Freights rise, and, on the first of January, the hire obtainable for the ship is higher than the contract price. A breaks his promise. He must pay to B, by way of compensation, a sum equal to the difference between the contract price and the price for which B could hire a similar ship for a year on and from the first of January."
(h) A contracts to supply B with a certain quantity of iron at a fixed price, being a higher price than that for which A could procure and deliver the iron. B wrongfully refuses to receive the iron. B must pay to A, by way of compensation, the difference between the contract price of the iron and the sum for which A could have obtained and delivered it. (h) A contracts to supply B with a certain quantity of iron at a fixed price, being a higher price than that for which A could procure and deliver the iron. B wrongfully refuses to receive the iron. B must pay to A, by way of compensation, the difference between the contract price of the iron and the sum for which A could have obtained and delivered it."
(i) A delivers to B, a common carrier, a machine, to be conveyed, without delay, to A’s mill, informing B that his mill is stopped for want of machine. B unreasonably delays the delivery of the machine, and A, in consequence, loses a profitable contract with the Government. A is entitled to receive from B, by way of compensation, the average amount of profit which would have been made by the working of the mill during the time that delivery of it was delayed, but not the loss sustained through the loss of the Government contract. (i) A delivers to B, a common carrier, a machine, to be conveyed, without delay, to A’s mill, informing B that his mill is stopped for want of machine. B unreasonably delays the delivery of the machine, and A, in consequence, loses a profitable contract with the Government. A is entitled to receive from B, by way of compensation, the average amount of profit which would have been made by the working of the mill during the time that delivery of it was delayed, but not the loss sustained through the loss of the Government contract."

(j) A, having contracted with B to supply B with 1,000 tons of iron at 100 rupees a ton, to be delivered at a stated time, contracts with C for the purchase of 1,000 tons of iron at 80 rupees a ton, telling C that he does so for the purpose of performing his contract with B. C fails to perform his contract with A, who cannot procure other iron, and B, in consequence, rescinds the contract. C must pay to A 20,000 rupees, being the profit which A would have made by the performance of his contract with B. (j) A, having contracted with B to supply B with 1,000 tons of iron at 100 rupees a ton, to be delivered at a stated time, contracts with C for the purchase of 1,000 tons of iron at 80 rupees a ton, telling C that he does so for the purpose of performing his contract with B. C fails to perform his contract with A, who cannot procure other iron, and B, in consequence, rescinds the contract. C must pay to A 20,000 rupees, being the profit which A would have made by the performance of his contract with B."
(k) A contracts with B to make and deliver to B, by a fixed day, for a specified price, a certain piece of machinery. A does not deliver the piece of machinery, at the time specified, and, in consequence of this, B is obliged to procure another at a higher price than that which he was to have paid to A, and is prevented from performing a contract which B had made with a third person at the time of his contract with A (but which had not been communicated to A), and is compelled to make compensation for breach of that contract. A must pay to B, by way of compensation, the difference between the contract price of the price of machinery and the sum paid by B for another, but not the sum paid by B to the third person by way of compensation. (k) A contracts with B to make and deliver to B, by a fixed day, for a specified price, a certain piece of machinery. A does not deliver the piece of machinery, at the time specified, and, in consequence of this, B is obliged to procure another at a higher price than that which he was to have paid to A, and is prevented from performing a contract which B had made with a third person at the time of his contract with A (but which had not been communicated to A), and is compelled to make compensation for breach of that contract. A must pay to B, by way of compensation, the difference between the contract price of the price of machinery and the sum paid by B for another, but not the sum paid by B to the third person by way of compensation."

(l) A, a builder, contracts to erect and finish a house by the first of January, in order that B may give possession of it at that time to C, to whom B has contracted to let it. A is informed of the contract between B and C. A builds the house so badly that, before the first of January, it falls down and has to be re-built by B, who, in consequence, loses the rent which he was to have received from C, and is obliged to make compensations to C for the breach of his contract. A must make compensation to B for the cost of rebuilding of the house, for the rent lost, and for the compensation made to C. (l) A, a builder, contracts to erect and finish a house by the first of January, in order that B may give possession of it at that time to C, to whom B has contracted to let it. A is informed of the contract between B and C. A builds the house so badly that, before the first of January, it falls down and has to be re-built by B, who, in consequence, loses the rent which he was to have received from C, and is obliged to make compensations to C for the breach of his contract. A must make compensation to B for the cost of rebuilding of the house, for the rent lost, and for the compensation made to C."
(m) A sells certain merchandise to B, warranting it to be of a particular quality, and B, in reliance upon this warranty, sells it to C with a similar warranty. The goods prove to be not according to the warranty, and B becomes liable to pay C a sum of money by way of compensation. B is entitled to be reimbursed this sum by A. (m) A sells certain merchandise to B, warranting it to be of a particular quality, and B, in reliance upon this warranty, sells it to C with a similar warranty. The goods prove to be not according to the warranty, and B becomes liable to pay C a sum of money by way of compensation. B is entitled to be reimbursed this sum by A."

(n) A contracts to pay a sum of money to B on a day specified. A does not pay the money on that day. B, in consequence of not receiving the money on that day, is unable to pay his debts, and is totally ruined. A is not liable to make good to B anything except the principal sum he contracted to pay, together with interest upto the day of payment. (n) A contracts to pay a sum of money to B on a day specified. A does not pay the money on that day. B, in consequence of not receiving the money on that day, is unable to pay his debts, and is totally ruined. A is not liable to make good to B anything except the principal sum he contracted to pay, together with interest upto the day of payment."
(o) A contracts to deliver 50 maunds of saltpetre to B on the first of January, at a certain price, B, afterwards, before the first of January, contracts to sell the saltpetre to C at a price higher than the market price of the first of January. A breaks his promise. In estimating the compensation payable by A to B, the market price of the first of January, and not the profit which would have arisen to B from the sale to C, is to be taken into account. (o) A contracts to deliver 50 maunds of saltpetre to B on the first of January, at a certain price, B, afterwards, before the first of January, contracts to sell the saltpetre to C at a price higher than the market price of the first of January. A breaks his promise. In estimating the compensation payable by A to B, the market price of the first of January, and not the profit which would have arisen to B from the sale to C, is to be taken into account."
(p) A contracts to sell and deliver 500 bales of cotton to B on a fixed day. A knows nothing of B’s mode of conducting his business. A breaks his promise, and B, having no cotton, is obliged to close his mill. A is not responsible to B for the loss caused to B by closing of the mill. (p) A contracts to sell and deliver 500 bales of cotton to B on a fixed day. A knows nothing of B’s mode of conducting his business. A breaks his promise, and B, having no cotton, is obliged to close his mill. A is not responsible to B for the loss caused to B by closing of the mill."

(q) A contracts to sell and deliver to B, on the first of January, certain cloth which B intends to manufacture into caps of a particular kind, for which there is no demand, except at that season. The cloth is not delivered till after the appointed time, and too late to be used that year in making caps. B is entitled to receive from A, by way of compensation, the difference between the contract price of the cloth and its market price at the time of delivery, but not the profits which he expected to obtain by making caps, nor the expenses which he has been put to in making preparation for the manufacture. (q) A contracts to sell and deliver to B, on the first of January, certain cloth which B intends to manufacture into caps of a particular kind, for which there is no demand, except at that season. The cloth is not delivered till after the appointed time, and too late to be used that year in making caps. B is entitled to receive from A, by way of compensation, the difference between the contract price of the cloth and its market price at the time of delivery, but not the profits which he expected to obtain by making caps, nor the expenses which he has been put to in making preparation for the manufacture."


What happens if builder delay construction?

In the case of delivery delays – if the builder does not complete the project upon the date of completion, the buyer will be given the option of withdrawing from the construction project and will be entitled to a full refund from the developer.

How to Handle Disputes with Builders
  1. Give Them a Chance to Put Things Right. In dispute resolution, communication is always key to avoiding a lengthy and costly court case for both parties. ...
  2. Speak to Another Expert. ...
  3. Document Everything. ...
  4. Make an Official Complaint. ...
  5. Consider How You Paid. ...
  6. Go to Court.
Why do builders delay projects?

However, delays can happen for various reasons such weather, equipment failures, labor shortages, missing or incorrect data, project mistakes and conflicts. There are some reasons, like weather that are beyond your control, but most construction project delays can be avoided.

What happens if builder breaches contract?

Most contracts will require that a home owner give the builder a notice particularising the breach and provide that the builder has a period of time to then rectify the breach before any other action can be taken including bringing a claim for damages or engaging a third party to complete the works.

Can I refuse to pay my builder?

If the Tradesman failed to deliver what you expected when undertaking work you need to ensure you raise the issue with them as you notice it. ... If you do not pay then the Tradesman has the right to remove what they have done or they may take you to Court. You should therefore be fair and reasonable in your approach.

Can builder sue me?
ANSWER: Property owners can sue a builder/contractor for fraudulent or deceitful practices to collect damages suffered using one or more of the following theories of liability (this list is not exhaustive): 1. Breach of Contract.
Can a builder take back materials?
Every building contract states that the materials remain property of the builder until they are paid. ... He has every right to reclaim his property and is allowed to do so if there is a clause in his terms and conditions stating that he retains full ownership until payment is received in full.

Ways to Resolve a Dispute With Your Contractor
  1. Check Your Contract. The first step to resolving any dispute with a contractor is to carefully review your contract. ...
  2. Communicate and Negotiate. ...
  3. Mediation. ...
  4. Arbitration. ...
  5. Go to Court. ...
  6. Key Takeaways.
Can I withhold payment for building work?
By law, customers can only withhold a 'reasonable' amount of payment on a job. For example, if a customer is unhappy with the installation of a single plug socket on a full kitchen refurb then they can only withhold the amount required to fix that issue.

Can a contractor abandon a contract?

Contract abandonment is when both parties involved in a binding contract have conducted themselves in a manner where the original contract is no longer valid. ... In the case of contract abandonment, both parties must mutually agree to abandon the contract.

What should you do if the builder delays the project incessantly?


With an increasing number of cases of delayed real estate projects in India, it is important for homebuyers to know their rights and the legal course of action to uphold the same. Here are some legal measures a homebuyer can pursue in case the project is inordinately delayed.

A delayed real estate project is the biggest nightmare for a homebuyer since it results in huge monetary loss and mental agony. While earlier, the absence of standard regulations led to years of litigation and thus, delayed possession timelines, the scenario has significantly improved after the enforcement of the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (RERA).

RERA has not only enabled a regulatory framework and provided an avenue to fast-track dispute resolution, but has also infused the much-needed transparency into the sector. This has resulted in reduced incompetence and delays and established a pan India model for construction practices. The Act also hypothesises builders’ accountability towards consumers and categorically defines a series of actions a homebuyer can take in case a builder refuses to handover the project within the stipulated time or perpetually extends the possession deadline.

Primarily, the word delay means that a promoter/builder in the agreement of sale has agreed to complete the project and give the possession of the property within a period but has failed to do so.

Sudhir Reddy, Founder, Reddy and Reddy Law Firm, avers that in case a builder delays the project delivery beyond a period as agreed upon in the agreement for sale, then the aggrieved homebuyer can take legal action against the promoter.


Legal recourse for delayed projects under RERA: Filing the complaint

  • As per section 31 of RERA, an aggrieved consumer may file a complaint with the Authority or adjudicating officer, appointed under the legislation. Apart from the builder, a homebuyer can also file a complaint against the real estate agent in the form or manner provided under the Act.
  • As per section 79 of RERA, civil courts are barred from entertaining disputes (suits or proceedings) in respect to matters of Real Estate Regulatory Authority. Only the adjudicating officer or the Appellate Tribunal is empowered under the Act to deal with disputes in real estate projects. However, the consumer forums (National, State or District) have not been barred from the ambit of the Act. Section 71 proviso permits the complainant to withdraw his complaint as regards to matters under section 12, 14, 18 and 19, from the consumer forum and file it with the adjudicating officer appointed under the Act, shared Reddy.

Claim refund

“RERA allows a homebuyer a choice of seeking either interest on delayed possession or a complete refund of the money paid along with interest thereon. However, if the builder fails to provide the desired compensation, severe penalties have been rolled under RERA ranging from imprisonment to registration cancellation,” shares, Vineet Naik, Senior Advocate, Bombay High Court.

  • As per section 18(1) of RERA, in the events where the promoter delays the possession of a property or fails to complete the project within the agreed time as mentioned in the sale agreement, he shall be liable to return the amount received from the buyer in respect of the apartment/property or plot, along with the due interest. The interest imposed is 10 percent of the amount invested by the buyer. In case of non-compliance, a builder might face imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years or a fine up to 10 percent of the estimated cost of the real estate project, or both.
  • If the builder unilaterally changes the possession date of the project, then the buyer has a right to withdraw from the project and claim refund of the invested amount within 45 days.
  • If the buyer does not withdraw the possession of the apartment/property, he/she retains the right to be compensated for the delay in the form of monthly interest till the date of handover. The monthly interest would be paid as per the rates prescribed under the legislation. The interest must be automatically initiated by the builder or the promoter when the delay commences. However, in case of a grievance, the allottee may approach the Authority.

Legal recourse outside the ambit of RERA

Under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, a homebuyer can register a complaint under Section 2(1) (c) for deficiency in services. The term deficiency in services refers to any fault, imperfection, shortcoming or inadequacy in the quality, nature and manner of performance, which is required to be maintained as as per the law.

As per the latest ruling by the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC), buyers can seek refund from the developer if the possession of the house or a flat is delayed beyond one year. Depending upon the value of the property, buyers can approach NCDRC in the following courts:

  • For properties worth Rs 20 lakh complaints should be filed with the District Commission
  • For properties valuing between Rs 20 lakh and Rs 1 crore grievances should be listed with the State Commission
  • For claims more than Rs 1 crore, a homebuyer should approach the National Commission

Know how to file a complaint in consumer court against real estate builders?

Additionally, the Domestic Building Contracts Act, 1995 also protects homebuyers’ rights in case a builder inordinately delays the possession of the property. The Act oversees if the project construction is as per the approved plan and is completed within pre-decided time or not. Besides, it also administers the construction quality of the project.

Overall, the execution of RERA has eased out the process of complaint registration in case of a delayed project. Homebuyers are also confident of faster and fair resolutions under the law. However, it is imperative to do due diligence. One must only invest in a project by a credible builder with an excellent past record and market reputation and stay abreast of the latest changes in the rules and regulations of the real estate sector. 

Tuesday 9 November 2021

เดชเดณเดณിเด•്เด•േเดธ്‌: เดจിเดฏเดฎ เดธเดฎുเดนเดค്เดคിเดจ്‌ เดชเดฑ്เดฑിเดฏ เดตเดฒിเดฏเดจാเดฃเด•്เด•േเดŸോ?-- เดฎാเดค്เดฏൂเดธ് เดœെ. เดจെเดŸുംเดชാเดฑ

เดชเดณเดณിเด•്เด•േเดธ്‌: เดจിเดฏเดฎ เดธเดฎുเดนเดค്เดคിเดจ്‌ เดชเดฑ്เดฑിเดฏ เดตเดฒിเดฏ
เดจാเดฃเด•്เด•േเดŸോ?

-- เดฎാเดค്เดฏൂเดธ് เดœെ. เดจെเดŸുംเดชാเดฑ

(1) เดŽเดจ്เดคാเดฃ്‌ เดชเดณเดณിเด•്เด•േเดธ്‌: เดธാเดงാเดฐเดฃเด•്เด•ാเดฐเดจ് เด•ൃเดค്เดฏเดฎാเดฏി เดจിเดถ്เดšเดฏเดฎിเดฒ്เดฒ. เดฎเดนാเดญൂเดฐിเดชเด•്เดทം เดœเดจเด™്เด™เดณും เด‡เดจ്เดจും เดงเดฐിเดš്เดšിเดฐിเด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจเดค്‌ เดฏാเด•്เด•ോเดฌാเดฏเด•്เด•ാเตผ เดคเด™്เด™เดณ്‍เด•്เด•െเดคിเดฐാเดฏ เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคി เดตിเดงി เดจเดŸเดช്เดชാเด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจเดค്‌ เดŽเดคിเดฐ്‍เด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจു. เดจിเดฏเดฎเดตാเดด്เดšเดฏെ เดตെเดฒ്เดฒുเดตിเดณിเด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจു. เดŽเดจ്เดจാเดฒ്‍  เดฏാเดฅാเดฐ്‍เดค്เดฅ്เดฏം เดŽเดจ്เดคാเดฃ്‌?

(2) เด‡เดตിเดŸെ เด’เดฐു เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคി เดตിเดงിเดฏുเดฎിเดฒ്เดฒ. เด‡เดฒ്เดฒാเดค്เดค เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคി เดตിเดงി เดฌเดฒം เดช്เดฐเดฏോเด—ിเดš്เดš്‌ เดจเดŸเดช്เดชാเด•്เด•ാเดจാเดฃ്‌ เด•േเดฐเดณ เดนൈเด•്เด•ോเดŸเดคി CRPF  เดตเดฐെ เดตിเดณിเดฏ്เด•്เด•ാเดจ്‍ เด‰เดค്เดคเดฐเดตിเดŸ്เดŸเดค്‌. เดธเดค്เดฏเดฎเดคാเดฃ്‌.  เดจിเด™്เด™เดณ്‍เด•്เด•്‌ เดตിเดถ്เดตเดธിเด•്เด•ാเดจ്‍ เดช്เดฐเดฏാเดธเดฎാเดฏിเดฐിเด•്เด•ും. Res judicata เดŽเดจ്เดจ Fundamental เดจിเดฏเดฎ principle Delhi เดฏിเดฒെ เดตเด•്เด•ീเดฒเดจ്เดฎാเดฐ്‍เด•്เด•്‌ เดจเดฒ്เดฒ เดจിเดถ്เดšเดฏเดฎിเดฒ്เดฒാเดคെ เดชോเดฏเดคാเดฃ്‌ เดˆ เดฆുเดฐിเดคเด™്เด™เดณുเดŸെเดฏെเดฒ്เดฒാം เด…เดŸിเดธ്เดฅാเดจ เด•ാเดฐเดฃം.

(3) เดŽเดจ്เดคാเดฃ്‌ Res judicata เด‰เดฆാเดนเดฐเดฃเดค്เดคിเดจ്‌ A เดฏും B เดฏും เดคเดฎ്เดฎിเดฒുเดณ്เดณ เด•േเดธിเดฒ്‍ เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคി เด’เดฐു เดญാเด—เดค്เดคെ เดฎാเดค്เดฐം เด•േเดŸ്เดŸเดถേเดทം 1 + 1 = 2 เดŽเดจ്เดจാเดฃ്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดจ്‌ เดตിเดงിเดš്เดšു เดŽเดจ്เดจു เด•เดฐുเดคുเด•. เด† เดตിเดงി เดคെเดฑ്เดฑാเดฃ്‌.  Res judicata เด…เดฒ്เดฒ. เด…เด™്เด™เดจെ เด’เดฐു เดตിเดงിเดฏെ เด‡เดฒ്เดฒ. เด…เดค്‌ void เด†เดฃ്‌.  เด‡เดจി เด•ോเดŸเดคി เดฐเดฃ്เดŸു เดญാเด—เดค്เดคേเดฏും เด•േเดŸ്เดŸ เดถേเดทം 1 + 1 = 0 เดŽเดจ്เดจ്‌ เดตിเดงിเดš്เดšുเดตെเดจ്เดจ്‌ เด•เดฐുเดคുเด•. เด…เดค്‌ เดถเดฐിเดฏാเดฃ്‌.  Res judicata เด†เดฃ്‌. Binding เด†เดฃ്‌. เดŽเดจ്เดคുเด•ൊเดฃ്เดŸ്‌? เด•ോเดŸเดคി เดตിเดงി เดคെเดฑ്เดฑാเดฃെเด™്เด•ിเดฒും เดถเดฐിเดฏാเดฃ്‌.  Binding เด†เดฃ്‌. เดจിเดฐเดชเดฐാเดงിเดฏെ เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคി เด•ുเดฑ്เดฑเด•്เด•ാเดฐเดจാเดฏി เด•เดฃ്เดŸ്‌ เดคൂเด•്เด•ിเดฒേเดฑ്เดฑാเตป เดตിเดงിเดš്เดšാเตฝ เด…เดฏാเตพ เดคൂเด™്เด™ും. เดจിเดฏเดฎเดšเดฐിเดค്เดฐเดค്เดคിเตฝ เดŽเดค്เดฐเดฏോ เดจിเดฐเดชเดฐാเดงിเด•เดณ്‍ เดคുเด•്เด•ിเดฒേเดฑ്เดฑเดช്เดชെเดŸ്เดŸിเดฐിเดฏ്เด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจു. เด…เดชเดฐാเดงി เดคൂเด•്เด•ിเดฒേเดฑ്เดฑเดช്เดชെเดŸ്เดŸ เดถേเดทം “เด•ൊเดฒ്เดฒเดช്เดชെเดŸ്เดŸเดฏാเดณ്‍' เดช്เดฐเดค്เดฏเด•്เดทเดช്เดชെเดŸ്เดŸ เด•േเดธുเด•เตพ เดตเดฐെ เด‰เดฃ്เดŸാเดฏിเดŸ്เดŸുเดฃ്เดŸ്‌.

(4) Res judicata : เดจിเดฏเดฎเดต്เดฏเดตเดธ്เดฅเดฏുเดŸെ เด…เดŸിเดธ്เดฅാเดจ เดถിเดฒเดฏാเดฃ്‌ เด…เดค്‌ เด…เดฒ്เดฒെเด™്เด•ിเตฝ เด•േเดธുเด•เดณ്‍เด•്เด•്‌ เด…เดตเดธാเดจเดฎുเดฃ്เดŸാเดตിเดฒ്เดฒ. เด•ോเดŸเดคി เด’เดฐിเดฏ്เด•്เด•เตฝ เดคീเดฐുเดฎാเดจിเดš്เดš เดตിเดทเดฏเดค്เดคെเดช്เดชเดฑ്เดฑി เด•േเดธിเดฒെ เด…เดคേ เด•เด•്เดทിเด•เดณ്‍ เดตീเดฃ്เดŸും เดต്เดฏเดตเดนാเดฐเดค്เดคിเดฒ്‍ เดเดฐ്‍เดช്เดชെเดŸുเดจ്เดจ เด…เดตเดธ്เดฅ เดตเดฐും. เด…เดค്‌ เดฐാเดœ്เดฏเดคാเดฒ്เดชเดฐ്เดฏเดค്เดคിเดจ്  เดจเดฒ്เดฒเดคเดฒ്เดฒ.

(5) 1958-เดฒെ เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคിเดฏുเดŸെ เดธเดฎുเดฆാเดฏเด•്เด•േเดธിเดฒെ เดตിเดงി: 
เด‡เดช്เดชോเดดเดค്เดคെ เดชเดณ്เดณി เดคเดฐ്‍เด•്เด•เด™്เด™เดณുเดŸെ เด†เดงാเดฐം 1958-เดฒെ เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคിเดฏുเดŸെ constitutional bench - เดจ്เดฑെ เดตിเดงിเดฏാเดฃ്‌. เด…เดคിเดจു เดถേเดทเดฎുเดฃ്เดŸാเดฏ 1995-เดฒെเดฏും 2017-เดฒെเดฏും 2019-เดฒെเดฏും เดตിเดงിเด•เดณ്‍ 1958-เดฒെ เดคെเดฑ്เดฑാเดฏ เดตിเดงിเดฏുเดŸെ เด…เดŸിเดธ്เดฅാเดจเดค്เดคിเดฒ്‍ เดฎാเดค്เดฐം เด‰เดฃ്เดŸാเดฏเดคാเดฃ്‌.

(6) 1958-เดฒെ เดธเดฎുเดฆാเดฏ เด•േเดธിเดฒ്‍ เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคിเดฏിเตฝ เด…เดคിเดช്เดฐเด—เดค്เดญเดจ്เดฎാเดฐെเดจ്เดจ്‌ เดชേเดฐുเด•േเดŸ്เดŸ เดชാเดค്เดฐിเดฏാเดฐ്‍เด•്เด•ീเดธ്‌ เดตിเดญാเด—ം เดตเด•്เด•ീเดฒเดจ്เดฎാเตผ 1928-เดฒെ เดตเดŸ്เดŸിเดช്เดชเดฃเด•്เด•േเดธിเดฒെ เดตിเดงി เดธเดฎുเดฆാเดฏ เด•േเดธിเดจ് res judicata เด†เดฏി Binding  เด†เดฃ്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดจ്‌ concede เดšെเดฏ്เดคു. เดˆ เดตเดฒിเดฏ เดคെเดฑ്เดฑ്‌ เด…เดฅเดตാ เด…เดฎเดณിเดฏാเดฃ്‌ เด‡เดช്เดชോเดดเดค്เดคെ เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•്เด•േเดธുเด•เดณുเดŸെ เดฎൂเดฒเด•ാเดฐเดฃം. เด‡เดค്‌ เด†เดฐ്‍เด•്เด•ും เด…เดฑിเดฏിเดฒ്เดฒാเดฏിเดฐുเดจ്เดจു.

(7) เดตเดŸ്เดŸിเดช്เดชเดฃം เด•േเดธ്‌. เดฎเดฒเด™്เด•เดฐ เดธเดญเดฏുเดŸെ เดชൊเดคുเดตാเดฏ เดธ്เดตเดค്เดคുเด•്เด•เดณെเดช്เดชเดฑ്เดฑി เด…เดฅเดตാ เดตเดŸ്เดŸിเดช്เดชเดฃം เดฎเดฒเด™്เด•เดฐ เดธเดญเดฏിเดฒെ เดฐเดฃ്เดŸു เดตിเดญാเด—เด™്เด™เดณിเดฒ്‍ เด†เดฐ്‍เด•്เด•്‌ เด•ൊเดŸുเด•്เด•เดฃം เดŽเดจ്เดจเดคിเดจെเด•്เด•ുเดฑിเดš്เดšാเดฏിเดฐുเดจ്เดจു. เด† เด•േเดธിเดฒ്‍ เด’เดฐു เดชเดณเดณിเดฏും เด•เด•്เดทിเดฏാเดฏിเดฐുเดจ്เดจിเดฒ്เดฒ. เด•เด•്เดทിเดฏാเด•്เด•േเดฃ്เดŸ เด†เดตเดถ്เดฏเดฎുเดฃ്เดŸാเดฏിเดฐുเดจ്เดจിเดฒ്เดฒ. เดคിเดฐുเดตിเดคാംเด•ൂเดฐ്‍ เดนൈเด•്เด•ോเดŸเดคി เดชാเดค്เดฐിเดฏാเดฐ്‍เด•്เด•ീเดธിเดจ്เดฑെ Spiritual powers vanishing point-เดฒ്‍ เดŽเดค്เดคി เดŽเดจ്เดจ്‌ เด•เดฃ്เดŸെเดค്เดคി. เดตเดŸ്เดŸിเดชเดฃം Orthodox เดตിเดญാเด—เดค്เดคിเดจ്‌ เด•ൊเดŸുเด•്เด•ുเดตാเตป เด‰เดค്เดคเดฐเดตിเดŸ്เดŸു. เด† เดตിเดงി เด•ോเดŸเดคിเดฏ്เด•്เด•്‌ เดคീเดฐുเดฎാเดจിเดฏ്เด•്เด•ാเดจ്‍ เด…เดงിเด•ാเดฐเดฎിเดฒ്เดฒാเดค്เดค เดตിเดถ്เดตാเดธ เดธเดค്เดฏเด™്เด™เดณിเตฝ เดคീเดฐ്‍เดช്เดชു เด•เดฒ്เดชിเดš്เดšു เด•ൊเดฃ്เดŸാเดฏിเดฐുเดจ്เดจു.

(8) เดตเดŸ്เดŸിเดช്เดชเดฃം เด•േเดธിเดฒെ เดตിเดงി เดฎเดฒเด™്เด•เดฐ เดธเดญเดฏുเดŸെ เด†เดฏിเดฐเดค്เดคിเดฒ്‍เดช്เดชเดฐം เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•เดณ്‍เด•്เด•്‌ เดฌാเดงเด•เดฎാเดฏിเดฐുเดจ്เดจിเดฒ്เดฒ. เด•ാเดฐเดฃം เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•เดณ്‍ เด† เด•േเดธിเตฝ เด•เด•്เดทിเด•เดณ്‍ เด†เดฏിเดฐുเดจ്เดจിเดฒ്เดฒ. เดตเดŸ്เดŸിเดช്เดชเดฃം เด•േเดธിเดฒ്‍ เดตเดŸ്เดŸിเดช്เดชเดฃം เด†เดฐ്‍เด•്เด•്‌ เด•ൊเดŸുเด•്เด•เดฃം เดŽเดจ്เดจเดคാเดฏിเดฐുเดจ്เดจു เดคเดฐ്‍เด•്เด•เดตിเดทเดฏം. เด† เด•േเดธ്‌ เดฎเดฒเด™്เด•เดฐ เดธเดญเดฏുเดŸെ เดชൊเดคുเดตാเดฏ เดธ്เดตเดค്เดคുเด•്เด•เดณെเดช്เดชเดฑ്เดฑി เด†เดฏിเดฐുเดจ്เดจു. เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•เดณുเดŸെ  เดธ്เดตเดค്เดคുเด•്เด•เดณെเดช്เดชเดฑ്เดฑി เด†เดฏിเดฐുเดจ്เดจിเดฒ്เดฒ.

(9) 1958-เดฒ്‍ เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคിเดฏുเดŸെ เดญเดฐเดฃเด˜เดŸเดจാ เดฌെเดž്เดš്‌ เดตเดŸ്เดŸിเดช്เดชเดฃം เด•േเดธിเดฒെ เดตിเดงി เดธเดฎുเดฆാเดฏเด•്เด•േเดธിเดจ് Res judicata เด†เดฃ്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดจു เดตിเดงിเดš്เดšു.  เดฎเดฒเด™്เด•เดฐ เดธเดญเดฏുเดŸെ เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•เดณ്‍ เด“เดฐ്‍เดค്เดคเดกോเด•്เดธ്‌ เดตിเดญാเด—ം 1934-เดฒ്‍ เด•ൊเดฃ്เดŸുเดตเดจ്เดจ เดฎเดฒเด™്เด•เดฐ เดธเดญ เดญเดฐเดฃเด˜เดŸเดจ เด…เดจുเดธเดฐിเดš്เดš്‌ เดจเดŸเดค്เดคเดช്เดชെเดŸเดฃเดฎെเดจ്เดจ്‌ เดตിเดงിเดฏ്เด•്เด•ുเด•เดฏും เดšെเดฏ്เดคു. 1934 เด•ോเตบเดธ്เดฑ്เดฑിเดŸ്เดฏൂเดทเตป เด…เดจുเดธเดฐിเดš്เดš്‌ เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•เดณുเดŸെ เดธเตผเดต്เดตാเดงിเดชเตป เดฎเดฒเด™്เด•เดฐ Metropolitan cum Catholicos เด†เดฃ്‌. เดˆ เดตിเดงിเดฏോเดŸെ เดฏാเด•്เด•ോเดฌാเดฏเด•്เด•ാเดฐ്‍เด•്เด•്‌ เดคเด™്เด™เดณുเดŸെ เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•เตพ เดจเดท്เดŸเดช്เดชെเดŸുเดจ്เดจു เดŽเดจ്เดจ เดคെเดฑ്เดฑാเดฏ เดจിเดฒเดตเดจ്เดจു. เด† เดตിเดงി เดตെเดฑും เดคെเดฑ്เดฑാเดฏ เดตിเดงി เดฎാเดค്เดฐเดฎเดฒ്เดฒ, เดฎเดฑിเดš്เดš്‌ เดจിเดฏเดฎเดค്เดคിเดจ്เดฑെ เดฎുเตปเดชിเตฝ เดจിเดฒเดจിเดฒ്เดชിเดฒ്เดฒാเดค്เดค null and void เด†เดฏിเดŸ്เดŸുเดณ്เดณ เดตിเดงിเดฏാเดฃ്‌. เด…เด™്เด™เดจെ เด’เดฐു เดตിเดงിเดฏെ เด‡เดฒ്เดฒ เดจിเดฏเดฎเดฆൃเดท്เดŸിเดฏിเดฒ്‍.

(10) 1958-เดฒെ เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคി เดตിเดงി เดฎเดฒเด™്เด•เดฐ เดธเดญเดฏിเดฒെ เด†เดฏിเดฐเดค്เดคിเดฒ്‍เดช്เดชเดฐം เดตเดฐുเดจ്เดจ เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•เดณെเดฏും, (เดŸเดธ്เดฑ്เดฑിเดฎാเดฐെเดฏും เด‡เดŸเดตเด•เด•്เด•ാเดฐെเดฏും bind เดšെเดฏ്เดฏുเดจ്เดจ เด’เดฐു res judicata เด…เดฒ്เดฒ. เด•ാเดฐเดฃം เดชเดฒเดคുเดฃ്เดŸ്‌. เด…เดคിเดฒ്‍ เดฐเดฃ്เดŸു เดฎാเดค്เดฐം เด‡เดตിเดŸെ เดชเดฑเดฏാം.

a) 1958-เดฒെ เดญเดฐเดฃเด˜เดŸเดจാ เดฌെเดž്เดšിเดจ്เดฑെ เดตിเดงിเดฏിเดฒ്‍ เด’เดฑ്เดฑ เดชเดณ്เดณി เดชോเดฒും เด•เด•്เดทിเดฏเดฒ്เดฒ. เด…เดคുเด•ൊเดฃ്เดŸ്‌ เด† เดตിเดงി เด’เดฐു เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•്เด•ും เดฌാเดงเด•เดฎเดฒ്เดฒ. เด•ാเดฐเดฃം เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•เดณ്‍ เด•เด•്เดทിเด•เดณเดฒ്เดฒാเดค്เดค เด•േเดธിเดฒെ เดตിเดงി เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•เดณ്‍เด•്เด•്‌ res judicata เด†เดฏി binding เด…เดฒ്เดฒ. เด’เดฐു เด•ോเดŸเดคിเดฏുเดŸെ เดคെเดฑ്เดฑാเดฏ เดตിเดงി res judicata เด†เด•เดฃเดฎെเด™്เด•ിเดฒ്‍ เด•േเดธിเตฝ เด•เด•്เดทിเดฏാเดฏിเดฐിเดฏ്เด•്เด•เดฃം. เดจเดฎ്เดฎเดณ്‍ เด•เด•്เดทിเดฏเดฒ്เดฒാเดค്เดค เด•േเดธിเดฒെ เดตിเดงി เดจเดฎ്เดฎเดณ്‍เด•്เด•്‌ เดฌാเดงเด•เดฎเดฒ്เดฒ. เด‡เดค്‌ เด†เดฐ്‍เด•്เด•ും เดจിเดทേเดงിเดฏ്เด•്เด•ാเดจാเดตാเดค്เดค เด…เดŸിเดธ്เดฅാเดจ เดคเดค്เดตเดฎാเดฃ്‌.

b) เดฎเดฒเด™്เด•เดฐ เดธเดญเดฏിเดฒെ เด†เดฏിเดฐเดค്เดคിเดฒ്‍เดช്เดชเดฐം เดตเดฐുเดจ്เดจ เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•เตพ เด† เด“เดฐോ เดชเดณเดณിเดฏുเดŸേเดฏും trust deed เด…เดจുเดธเดฐിเดš്เดš്‌ เด…เดฅเดตാ เด…เดคിเดจ്เดฑെ traditions เด…เดจുเดธเดฐിเดš്เดš്‌ เด‡เดŸเดตเด•เด•്เด•ാเดฐുเดŸെ เดญൂเดฐിเดชเด•്เดทാเดญിเดช്เดฐാเดฏ เดช്เดฐเด•ാเดฐം เดจเดŸเดค്เดคเดช്เดชെเดŸเดฃเดฎോ เด…เดฒ്เดฒ, เดฎเดฑിเดš്เดš്‌ เดชാเดค്เดฐിเดฏാเดฐ്‍เด•്เด•ീเดธ്‌ เดตിเดญാเด—ം เด…ംเด—ീเด•เดฐിเดฏ്เด•്เด•ാเดค്เดค 1934-เดฒെ เด“เดฐ്‍เดค്เดคเดกോเด•്เดธാเด•ാเดฐുเดŸെ เดญเดฐเดฃเด˜เดŸเดจ เด…เดจുเดธเดฐിเดš്เดš്‌ เดจเดŸเดค്เดคเดช്เดชെเดŸเดฃเดฎോ เดŽเดจ്เดจ เดตിเดทเดฏം เด’เดฐു เดคเดฐ്‍เด•്เด•เดตിเดทเดฏเดฎാเดฏി เด† เด•േเดธിเดฒ്‍ เดชเดฐിเด—เดฃเดจเดฏ്เด•്เด•്‌ เดตเดจ്เดจിเดฒ്เดฒ. เด…เด™്เด™เดจെ เด’เดฐു เดตിเดงിเดฏും เด‰เดฃ്เดŸാเดฏിเดŸ്เดŸിเดฒ്เดฒ. เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•เตพ เด•เด•്เดทിเดฏเดฒ്เดฒാเดคിเดฐുเดจ്เดจเดคുเด•ൊเดฃ്เดŸ്‌ เดฏเดฅാเดฐ്‍เดค്เดฅ เดคเดฐ്‍เด•്เด•เดตിเดทเดฏเดตും เด‰เดจ്เดจเดฏിเด•്เด•เดช്เดชെเดŸ്เดŸിเดŸ്เดŸിเดฒ്เดฒ. เด…เดคിเดจ്เดฎേเดฒ്‍ เดฎെเดฑിเดฑ്เดฑിเดจ്เดฑെ เด…เดŸിเดธ്เดฅാเดจเดค്เดคിเตฝ เด’เดฐു เดคീเดฐുเดฎാเดจเดตും เด‰เดฃ്เดŸാเดฏിเดŸ്เดŸിเดฒ്เดฒ. เด…เดคുเด•ൊเดฃ്เดŸ്‌ Cause of action estoppel เด‡เดฒ്เดฒ.  Res judicata เดฏും เด‡เดฒ്เดฒ.

(11) 1958-เดฒെ เดตിเดงി เด†เดฏിเดฐเดค്เดคിเดฒ്‍เดช്เดชเดฐം เดตเดฐുเดจ്เดจ เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•เดณെเดฏും เด‡เดŸเดตเด•เด•്เด•ാเดฐെเดฏും เดธംเดฌเดจ്เดงിเดš്เดšിเดŸเดค്เดคോเดณം Res judicata เด…เดฒ്เดฒ. เดฎเดฑിเดš്เดš്‌ re inter alios เด†เดฃ്‌.  Void ab initio เด†เดฃ്‌. เดจിเดฏเดฎเดฆൃเดท്เดŸിเดฏിเดฒ്‍ เด…เด™്เด™เดจെเดฏൊเดฐു เดตിเดงിเดฏെ เด‡เดฒ്เดฒ. เดชเด•്เดทേ เดˆ เดตเดธ്เดคുเดค, เดˆ เดตเดฒിเดฏ เดชിเดดเดต് เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคിเดฏിเดฒെ เดตเดฒിเดฏ เดตเด•്เด•ീเดฒเดจ്เดฎാเดฐ്‍ เดฎเดจเดธ്เดธിเดฒാเด•്เด•ാเดคെ เดชോเดฏി.  เดคുเดŸเดฐ്‍เดจ്เดจ്‌ 1995-เดฒ്‍ เดตിเดงിเดฏുเดฃ്เดŸാเดฏി, เดธเดฎുเดฆാเดฏเด•്เด•േเดธിเดฒെ เดตിเดงിเดฏുเดŸെ เดšുเดตเดŸുเดตെเดš്เดš്‌ เดฎเดฒിเดฎเดค്เดค്‌ เด•เดฎ്เดฎീเดทเตป เดตเดจ്เดจു. เด‡เดฒเด•്เดทเดจ്‍ เดจเดŸเดค്เดคാเดจ്‍.  เดช്เดฐเดถ്เดจเด™്เด™เดณ്‍เด•്เด•്‌ เดชเด•്เดทേ เดชเดฐിเดนാเดฐเดฎുเดฃ്เดŸാเดฏിเดฒ്เดฒ. เดต്เดฏเดตเดนാเดฐเด™്เด™เตพ เดคുเดŸเดฐ്‍เดจ്เดจു. 2017 K.S.Varghese เดฒെ เดตിเดงി เดตเดจ്เดจു. 1958 เดฒെ เดคെเดฑ്เดฑ്‌ เดคിเดฐുเดค്เดคเดช്เดชെเดŸ്เดŸിเดŸ്เดŸിเดฒ്เดฒ เดŽเดจ്เดจു เดฎാเดค്เดฐเดฎเดฒ്เดฒ เด† เดคെเดฑ്เดฑുเด•เตพ Justice Misra เด†เดฃിเดฏിเดŸ്เดŸ്‌ เด‰เดฑเดช്เดชിเดš്เดšു.

(12) K.S.Varghese เด•േเดธ്‌ เด•ോเดฒเดž്เดšേเดฐി, เดตเดฐിเด•്เด•ോเดฒി, เดฎเดฃ്เดฃเดค്เดคൂเดฐ്‍ เดŽเดจ്เดจീ เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•เดณെเดช്เดชเดฑ്เดฑി เด†เดฏിเดฐുเดจ്เดจു. เด…เดค്‌ representative suit เด•เตพ เด†เดฏിเดฐുเดจ്เดจเดคുเด•ൊเดฃ്เดŸ്‌ เด…เดคിเดฒെ เดตിเดงി เดˆ เดฎൂเดจ്เดจു เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•เดณെเดฏും, เด…เดคിเดจ്เดฑെ เดŸ്เดฐเดธ്เดฑ്เดฑിเดฎാเดฐെเดฏും เด•േเดธിเดฒ്‍ เดจേเดฐിเดŸ്เดŸ്‌ เด•เด•്เดทിเด•เดณเดฒ്เดฒാเดค്เดค เด‡เดŸเดตเด•เด•്เด•ാเดฐെเดฏും bind เดšെเดฏ്เดฏുเดจ്เดจ res judicata เด†เดฃ്‌. เดชเด•്เดทേ Justice Arun Misra constructive res judicata เดŽเดจ്เดจ เดคเดค്เดตเดค്เดคിเดจ്เดฑെ เด…เดจ്เดคเดธเดค്เดค เดฎเดจเดธ്เดธിเดฒാเด•്เด•ാเดคെ เด† เด•േเดธിเดฒെ เดตിเดงി เด† เด•േเดธിเดฒ്‍ เด•เด•്เดทിเด•เดณเดฒ്เดฒാเดค്เดค เดฎเดฑ്เดฑു เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•เดณ്‍เด•്เด•്‌ เดฌാเดงเด•เดฎാเดฃ് เดŽเดจ്เดจ്‌ เดตിเดงിเดš്เดšു. เด•േเดธിเดฒ്‍ เด•เด•്เดทിเด•เดณเดฒ്เดฒാเดค്เดค เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•เดณെ เดธംเดฌเดจ്เดงിเดš്เดšിเดŸเดค്เดคോเดณം เด…เดฐുเดฃ്‍ เดฎിเดถ്เดฐเดฏുเดŸെ เด† เดตിเดงി res judicata เด…เดฒ്เดฒ. Binding เด…เดฒ്เดฒ Nullity เด†เดฃ്‌.

(13) Constructive Res judicata เดŽเดจ്เดจാเตฝ เดŽเดจ്เดคാเดฃ്‌? เด•േเดธിเดฒെ เด•เด•്เดทിเด•เดณ്‍ เด…เดฒ്เดฒാเดค്เดคเดตเดฐ്‍เด•്เด•്‌ เดตിเดงി binding เด†เดฃ്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดจ്‌ เด…เดฒ്เดฒ. เดชเด•്เดทേ เดจเดฎ്เดฎുเดŸെ เดจിเดฏเดฎเดธเดฎൂเดนം เดˆ เดคെเดฑ്เดฑ്‌ เดฎเดจเดธ്เดธിเดฒാเด•്เด•ിเดฏിเดฒ്เดฒ. เด•േเดฐเดณ เดนൈเด•്เด•ോเดŸเดคി CRPF เดจെ เดตเดฐെ เดตിเดณിเดš്เดš്‌ “เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคി เดตിเดงി” เดจเดŸเดช്เดชാเด•്เด•ാเดจ്‍ เด‰เดค്เดคเดฐเดตിเดŸ്เดŸു! เด•േเดฐเดณ เดธเตผเด•്เด•ാเตผ เด†เด•เดŸ്เดŸെ เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคി เดตിเดงി เดจเดŸเดช്เดชാเด•്เด•ാเดจ്‍ เดช്เดฐเดคിเดœเดžാเดฌเดฆ്เดงเดฐാเดฃ്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดจ്‌ เด†เดฃเดฏിเดŸ്เดŸു. เดชเด•്เดทേ เดนൈเด•്เด•ോเดŸเดคി เดจเดŸเดช്เดชാเด•്เด•ാเดจ്‍ เดฌാเดฆ്เดง്เดฏเดคเดช്เดชെเดŸ്เดŸ เดเดคെเด™്เด•ിเดฒും เด’เดฐു เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคി เดตിเดงിเดฏുเดฃ്เดŸോ? เด‡เดฒ്เดฒ เดŽเดจ്เดจเดคാเดฃ്‌ เด†เดฐ്‍เด•്เด•ും เดคเตผเด•്เด•ിเด•്เด•ാเตป เด•เดดിเดฏാเดค്เดค เดฏാเดฅാเดฐ്‍เดค്เดฅ്เดฏം. เดจเด—്เดจเดธเดค്เดฏം. เดˆ เดธเดค്เดฏം เดฎเดฑเดš്เดšുเดตเดฏ്เด•്เด•ാเตป เดตേเดฃ്เดŸി เดŽเดจ്เดจെ เด†เด•്เดฐเดฎിเดฏ്เด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจു. เดจിเดถ്เดถเดฌ്เดฆเดจാเด•്เด•ാเตป เดตെเดฎ്เดชเดฒ്‍ เด•ൊเดณ്เดณുเดจ്เดจു.

(14) เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคിเดฏ്เด•്เด•്‌ Judgment in rem เดŽเดจ്เดจ เดตാเด•്เด•ിเดจ്เดฑെ เดถเดฐിเดฏാเดฏ เด…เดฐ്‍เดค്เดฅം เดฎเดจเดธ്เดธിเดฒാเด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจเดคിเตฝ เดตเดจ്เดจ เดตീเดด്เดšเดฏാเดฃ്‌ เด•െ.เดŽเดธ്‌. เดตเดฐ്‍เด—്เด—ീเดธിเดจ്เดฑെเดฏും PMA เดฎെเดŸ്เดฐോเดชോเดณിเดฑ്เดฑเตป เด•േเดธുเด•เดณുเดŸെเดฏും เด†เดงാเดฐം. Representative suit-เดฒെ เดตിเดงി Judgment in rem เด†เด•เดฃเดฎെเดจ്เดจ്‌ เดจിเดฐ്‍เดฌเดจ്เดงเดฎിเดฒ്เดฒ. In rem เดŽเดจ്เดจാเดฒ്‍ as against the whole world เดŽเดจ്เดจാเดฃ്‌ เด…เดฐ്‍เดค്เดฅം. เดธเดญാเด•്เด•േเดธിเดฒ്‍ “Judgment in rem” เดŽเดจ്เดจ concept – เดจ് เดคเดจ്เดจെ เดช്เดฐเดธเด•്เดคിเดฏിเดฒ്เดฒ. เด‡เดจി เด‰เดฃ്เดŸ്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดจു เด•เดฐുเดคുเด•. เด’เดฐു เดตിเดงി เด•േเดธിเดฒെ เด•เด•്เดทിเด•เดณുเดŸെ status  เด…เดฒ്เดฒെเด™്เด•ിเตฝ เดŸൈเดฑ്เดฑിเตฝ เดšേเดž്เดš്‌ เดšെเดฏ്เดฏുเดจ്เดจുเดตെเด™്เด•ിเตฝ  Judgment in rem เด†เดฃ്‌. เด‰เดฆാเดนเดฐเดฃเดค്เดคിเดจ് เดญാเดฐ്เดฏเดฏും เดญเดฐ്‍เดค്เดคാเดตും เดคเดฎ്เดฎിเดฒുเดณ്เดณ เด•േเดธിเตฝ divorce grant เดšെเดฏ്เดคാเตฝ Judgment in rem เด†เดฃ്‌. As against the whole world. เด•ാเดฐเดฃം เด…เดตเดฐുเดŸെ Status change เดตเดจ്เดจു. Third parties - เดจ് เด…เดตเดฐുเดฎാเดฏി เดตിเดตാเดนเดฌเดจ്เดงเดค്เดคിเดฒേเดฐ്‍เดช്เดชെเดŸാം เด…เดคേ เดธเดฎเดฏം Divorce reject เดšെเดฏ്เดคാเดฒോ, เด…เดค്‌ Judgment in personam เด†เดฃ്‌. Status -เดฒ്‍ เด’เดฐു เดต്เดฏเดค്เดฏാเดธเดตും เดตเดจ്เดจിเดฒ്เดฒ.

(15) 2019 Justice Arun Misra, Fr.Issac Mattummel เดŽเดจ്เดจ เด•േเดธിเดฒ്‍ 2017 -เดฒെ เดคെเดฑ്เดฑ്‌ เดตീเดฃ്เดŸും เด†เดตเดฐ്‍เดค്เดคിเดš്เดšു. เด“เตผเดค്เดคോเดกോเด•്เดธുเด•ാเตผ เดชเดณ്เดณിเดชിเดŸുเดค്เดคം เดคുเดŸเดฐ്‍เดจ്เดจു. เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคിเดฏുเดŸെ เดœเดก്เดœ്เดฎെเดจ്เดฑിเดจ്เดฑെ เดชേเดฐിเตฝ.  เดชเด•്เดทേ เด…เด™്เด™เดจെ เด’เดฐു เดœเดก്เดœ്เดฎെเดจ്เดฑ്‌ เด‡เดฒ്เดฒ เดŽเดจ്เดจു เดšൂเดฃ്เดŸിเด•്เด•ാเดฃിเด•്เด•ാเตป เดžാเดจเดฒ്เดฒാเดคെ เดตേเดฑാเดฐും เดฐംเด—เดค്เดคു เดตเดจ്เดจിเดฒ്เดฒ. เดœเดธ്เดฑ്เดฑിเดธ്‌ เด•െ.เดŸി.เดคോเดฎเดธ്‌ เด‰เดณ്‍เดช്เดชെเดŸെ.

(16) เดžാเดจ്‍ เดธ്เดตเดฏം เดช്เดฐเด•ീเดฐ്‍เดค്เดคിเด•്เด•ുเด•เดฏാเดฃ്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดจു เด•เดฐുเดคเดฐുเดค്‌. เดฎേเดฒ്‍เดช്เดชเดฑเดž്เดž fundamental errors เด•เดŸ്เดŸเดš്เดšിเดฑเด•്เด•ാเตผ 2018-เดฒ്‍ เดŽเดจ്เดฑെ เด…เดŸുเดค്เดค്‌ เดตเดจ്เดจเดช്เดชോเตพ เดฆൈเดตเด•ൃเดชเดฏാเตฝ เดŽเดจ്เดฑെ เดถ്เดฐเดฆ്เดงเดฏിเตฝเดช്เดชെเดŸ്เดŸു.  เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•്เด•േเดธിเดจ് เดตเดณเดฐെ เดจീเดฃ്เดŸ เดšเดฐിเดค്เดฐเดฎുเดฃ്เดŸ്‌. เดœเดก്เดœുเดฎെเดจ്เดฑുเด•เดณ്‍ เด†เดฏിเดฐเด•്เด•เดฃเด•്เด•ിเดจ്‌ เดชേเดœുเด•เดณാเดฃ്‌. เดˆ เดคเดŸിเดฏเดจ്‍ เดœเดก്เดœ്เดฎെเดจ്เดฑും เดฑെเด•്เด•ോเดกുเด•เดณും เดชเดฐിเดถോเดงിเดš്เดšാเตฝ เดฎേเดฒ്‍เดช്เดชเดฑเดž്เดž เดคെเดฑ്เดฑ്‌ เดถ്เดฐเดฆ്เดงเดฏിเดฒ്‍เดช്เดชെเดŸുเด•เดฏിเดฒ്เดฒ. เดฑെเด•്เด•ോเดก്‌เดธും เดœเดก്เดœ്เดฎെเดจ്เดฑും เดŽเดฒ്เดฒാം เดฎเดŸเด•്เด•ിเดตെเดš്เดš്‌ เด†เดฒോเดšിเดš്เดšാเตฝ เดŽเดค്เดฐ เด•ുเดดเดž്เดž เด•േเดธ്‌ เด†เดฃെเด™്เด•ിเตฝ เด•ൂเดŸിเดฏും เด…เดคിเดฒെ เด…เดŸിเดธ്เดฅാเดจเดชเดฐเดฎാเดฏ เดคെเดฑ്เดฑ്‌ เดฎเดจเดธ്เดธിเดฒാเด•ും. เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•്เด•േเดธ്‌ เดตเดฒിเดฏ errors เด†เดฃ്‌. เด…เดคിเดฒും เดŽเดค്เดฐเดฏോ เดตเดฒിเดฏ errors เด†เดฃ്‌ เด•േเดถเดตാเดจเดจ്เดฆเดญാเดฐเดคി, Judges 2, 3 and NJAC เด•േเดธ്‌ เดคുเดŸเด™്เด™ിเดฏเดตเดฏിเดฒെ เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคി เดตിเดงിเด•เดณ്‍. เด†เดฏിเดฐเด•്เด•เดฃเด•്เด•ിเดจ് เดชേเดœ്‌ เดตเดฐുเดจ്เดจ เดˆ เดœเดก്เดœ്เดฎെเดจ്เดฑുเด•เตพ เดตാเดฏിเดš്เดšเดตเดฐ്‍ เดšുเดฐുเด•്เด•ം. เด…เดคിเดฒെ เดคെเดฑ്เดฑു เดฎเดจเดธ്เดธിเดฒാเด•്เด•ിเดฏเดตเดฐ്‍ เด…เดคിเดฒും เดšുเดฐുเด•്เด•ം.

(17) เดคെเดฑ്เดฑുเด•เดณ്‍ เดชเดฑ്เดฑുเด• เดฎเดจുเดท്เดฏเดธเดนเดœเดฎാเดฃ്‌. เดจเดฎ്เดฎเดณ്‍ เดธാเดงാเดฐเดฃเด•്เด•ാเดฐേเด•്เด•ാเตพ เดตเดฒിเดฏ เดคെเดฑ്เดฑുเด•เตพ เดชเดฑ്เดฑിเดฏിเดฐിเด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจเดค്‌ Pope เดฎാเดฐ്‍เด•്เด•ും Arch Bishop เดฎാเดฐ്‍เด•്เด•ും Chief Justice เดฎാเดฐ്‍เด•്เด•ും เดฎเดฑ്เดฑുเดฎാเดฃ്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดจเดค്‌ เดšเดฐിเดค്เดฐം เดชเด ിเดš്เดšിเดŸ്เดŸുเดณเดณ เด†เดฐ്‍เด•്เด•ും เดฎเดจเดธ്เดธിเดฒാเด•ും.

(18) 2017-เดฒെ เด•െ.เดŽเดธ്‌.เดตเดฐ്‍เด—ീเดธ്‌ เดตിเดงി เด†เตผเดŸ്เดŸിเด•്เด•ിเตพ 141 เดช്เดฐเด•ാเดฐം เดฐാเดœ്เดฏเดค്เดคെ เดจിเดฏเดฎเดฎാเดฃ്‌. เด…เดคുเด•ൊเดฃ്เดŸ്‌ เด…เดค്‌ เดจเดŸเดช്เดชാเด•്เด•ിเดฏേ เดฎเดคിเดฏാเด•ൂ เดŽเดจ്เดจเดคാเดฃ്‌ เดชൊเดคുเดตാเดฏ เดงാเดฐเดฃ. เดœเดธ്เดฑ്เดฑിเดธ്‌ เด•െ.เดŸി.เดคോเดฎเดธ്‌ เดชോเดฒും เดฎเดฑിเดš്เดš്‌ เดชเดฑเดž്เดž്‌ เด•เดฃ്เดŸിเดฒ്เดฒ. เด…เดค്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดจെ เด…เด™്เด™േเดฏเดฑ്เดฑം เดตിเดธ്เดฎเดฏിเดช്เดชിเดš്เดšിเดŸ്เดŸുเดฃ്เดŸ്‌. เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคി เดตിเดงി เดชാเดฐ്‍เดฒเดฎെเดจ്เดฑ്‌ เดจിเดฐ്‍เดฎ്เดฎിเด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจ เดจിเดฏเดฎം เดชോเดฒെ เดฐാเดœ്เดฏเดค്เดคെ เดจിเดฏเดฎเดฎเดฒ്เดฒ. เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคി เดตിเดงി law of the land เด‰ം เด…เดฒ്เดฒ. Law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all Courts within the territory of India เดŽเดจ്เดจു เดตെเดš്เดšാเดฒ്‍ เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคി เดเดคെเด™്เด•ിเดฒും เด’เดฐു เดชുเดคിเดฏ เดจിเดฏเดฎเดคเดค്เดตം reaffirm  เดšെเดฏ്เดฏുเด•เดฏോ เด…เดฒ്เดฒെเด™്เด•ിเตฝ เดจിเดฒเดตിเดฒുเดณ്เดณ เดจിเดฏเดฎเดคเดค്เดตം evolve  เดšെเดฏ്เดฏുเด•เดฏോ เดšെเดฏ്เดคാเตฝ เด…เดค്‌ เด’เดฐു precedent เดŽเดจ്เดจ เดจിเดฒเดฏിเดฒ്‍ เดฐാเดœ്เดฏเดค്เดคെ เด•ോเดŸเดคിเด•เดณ്‍เด•്เด•്‌ binding เด†เดฃ്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดจു เดฎാเดค്เดฐเดฎേ เด†เตผเดŸ്เดŸിเด•്เด•ിเตพ 141 เดชเดฑเดฏുเดจ്เดจുเดณ്เดณു.  เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคി เดเดคെเด™്เด•ിเดฒും เด•േเดธിเดฒ്‍ Law decare เดšെเดฏ്เดคിเดŸ്เดŸുเดฃ്เดŸോ เด‰เดฃ്เดŸെเด™്เด•ിเดฒ്‍ เด…เดค്‌ follow เดšെเดฏ്เดฏเดฃเดฎോ เดŽเดจ്เดจเดค്‌ เดเดค്‌ เด•ോเดŸเดคിเดฏിเดฒാเดฃോ เดธുเดช്เดฐീംเด•ോเดŸเดคിเดฏുเดŸെ เดœเดก്เดœ്เดฎെเดจ്เดฑ്‌ cite เดšെเดฏ്เดฏുเดจ്เดจเดค്‌ เด† เด•ോเดŸเดคിเดฏാเดฃ്‌ เดคീเดฐുเดฎാเดจിเด•്เด•േเดฃ്เดŸเดค്‌.   เด‰เดฆാเดนเดฐเดฃเดค്เดคിเดจ്‌ เด’เดฐു เดฎുเดจ്‍เดธിเดซ്‌ เดฎുเดจ്‍เดชാเด•െ เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเดŸเดคിเดฏുเดŸെ 3, 5, 7, 9 เดŽเดจ്เดจീ เดœเดก്เดœുเดฎാเดฐുเดณ്เดณ  เดฌെเดž്เดšിเดจ്เดฑെ เดœเดก്เดœ്เดฎെเดจ്เดฑ്‌ cite เดšെเดฏ്เดฏുเด•เดฏാเดฃെเด™്เด•ിเตฝ เด† เดฎുเตปเดธിเดซിเดจ്  3 เดœเดก്เดœുเดฎാเดฐുเดŸെ เดœเดก്เดœ്เดฎെเดจ്เดฑാเดฃ്‌ เดถเดฐിเดฏെเดจ്เดจ്‌ เดคോเดจ്เดจുเดจ്เดจുเดตെเด™്เด•ിเตฝ เด…เดค്‌ เดซോเดณോ เดšെเดฏ്เดฏാം. เดธുเดช്เดฐീംเด•ോเดŸเดคിเดฏുเดŸെ Judgment per incuriam เด†เดฃ്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดจ്‌ เดฎുเตปเดธിเดซിเดจ് เดฌോเดง്เดฏเดช്เดชെเดŸ്เดŸാเตฝ เดซോเดณോ เดšെเดฏ്เดฏേเดฃ്เดŸ เด•ാเดฐ്เดฏเดฎിเดฒ്เดฒ.

(19) เดžാเดจ്‍ precedent -เดจ്‌ เดŽเดคിเดฐเดฒ്เดฒ. Common Law เดฏുเดŸെ 4 เด…เดŸിเดธ്เดฅാเดจ เดคൂเดฃുเด•เดณിเตฝ เด’เดจ്เดจാเดฃ് precedent. เด’เดฐു เดชเด•്เดทേ เดเดฑ്เดฑเดตും เดถเด•്เดคเดฎാเดฏ เดคൂเดฃ്.   Precedent เดŽเดจ്เดจു เดชเดฑเดž്เดžാเดฒ്‍ reason for the decision เดŽเดจ്เดจാเดฃ്‌ เด…เดฐ്‍เดค്เดฅം.   เดจเดฎ്เดชเตผ เด…เดฒ്เดฒ. เด•ൂเดŸുเดคเดฒ്‍ เดœเดก്เดœുเดฎാเดฐเดŸเด™്เด™ിเดฏ เดฌെเดž്เดšിเดจ്เดฑെ เดตിเดงി เดจ്เดฏാเดฏเดฎാเดฏിเดŸ്เดŸും เด•ൂเดŸുเดคเดฒ്‍  เดถเดฐിเดฏാเดฏിเดฐിเด•്เด•ാเตป เดธാเดฆ്เดง്เดฏเดคเดฏുเดฃ്เดŸ് เดŽเดจ്เดจാเดฃ്‌ เดธเด™്เด•เดฒ്เดชം.  เด…เดคിเดจും เดžാเดจ്‍  เดŽเดคിเดฐเดฒ്เดฒ.  เดธเดค്เดฏเดค്เดคിเดฒ്‍ Minority judgments เด†เดฃ്‌ เดชเดฒเดช്เดชോเดดും เด•ൂเดŸുเดคเดฒ്‍ เดถเดฐി. เด…เดค്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดคുเดฎാเด•เดŸ്เดŸെ, เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•്เด•േเดธിเดฒ്‍ เด†เตผเดŸ്เดŸിเด•്เด•ിเตพ 141- เดจ്‌ เด’เดฐു เดช്เดฐเดธเด•്เดคിเดฏുเดฎിเดฒ്เดฒ.  เดธเดฎുเดฆാเดฏเด•്เด•േเดธിเดฒോ, PMA เดฎെเดŸ്เดฐോเดชൊเดณീเดฑ്เดฑเตป  เด•േเดธിเดฒോ เด…เดฒ്เดฒെเด™്เด•ിเดฒ്‍ เด•െ.เดŽเดธ്‌.เดตเดฐ്‍เด—ീเดธിเดฒോ เด’เดฐു เดชുเดคിเดฏ principle evolve เดšെเดฏ്เดฏുเด•เดฏോ reaffirm เดšെเดฏ്เดฏുเด•เดฏോเด‰เดฃ്เดŸാเดฏിเดฒ്เดฒ. เด† เดœเดก്เดœുเดฎെเดจ്เดฑുเด•เดณ്‍ Res judicata เดฏും เด…เดฒ്เดฒ. Precedent เด‰ം เด…เดฒ്เดฒ. Null and void เด†เดฃ്‌. เดธเดค്เดฏเดค്เดคിเตฝ เด‡เดจ്เดค്เดฏเตป เดธുเดช്เดฐീം เด•ോเตผเดŸ്เดŸ് เด•เดดിเดž്เดž 70 เดตเดฐ്‍เดทเดค്เดคിเดจിเดŸเดฏിเตฝ  เด’เดฐു เดชുเดคിเดฏ เดช്เดฐിเดจ്‍เดธിเดช്เดชിเดณും evolve เดšെเดฏ്เดคเดคാเดฏി เดŽเดจിเดฏ്เด•്เด•เดฑിเดฏിเดฒ്เดฒ.  เดžാเดจ്‍ เดชเดฒเดฐോเดŸും เดšോเดฆിเดš്เดšു. เด†เดฐ്‍เด•്เด•ും เด’เดจ്เดจും เด‡เดคുเดตเดฐെ เดชเดฑเดฏാเดจ്‍ เด•เดดിเดž്เดžിเดŸ്เดŸിเดฒ്เดฒ. เดญเดฐเดฃเด˜เดŸเดจാ เดถിเตฝเดชിเด•เตพ เด†เตผเดŸ്เดŸിเด•്เด•ിเตพ 141 เดญเดฐเดฃเด˜เดŸเดจ เดฏിเตฝ เด‰เตพเดช്เดชെเดŸുเดค്เดคിเดฏിเดฒ്เดฒാเดฏിเดฐുเดจ്เดจുเดตെเด™്เด•ിเดฒ്‍ เด’เดฐുเดชാเดŸ് เดคെเดฑ്เดฑിเดฆ്เดงാเดฐเดฃเด•เดณ്‍ เด’เดดിเดตാเด•്เด•เดช്เดชെเดŸുเดฎാเดฏിเดฐുเดจ്เดจു.
(20) เดŽเดจ്เดคാเดฃ്‌ เดชോംเดตเดดി : เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•്เด•േเดธ്‌ เด’เดฐു เด•ുเดฎเดณเดฏാเดฃ്‌. เดžാเดจ്‍ เดฎേเดฒ്‍เดช്เดชเดฑเดž്เดž เด•ാเดฐ്เดฏเด™്เด™เตพ เดชเด•เดฒും เดฐാเดค്เดฐിเดฏും เดชോเดฒെ เดตൃเด•്เดคเดฎാเดฃ്‌.  เด‡เดคുเดตเดฐെ เด†เดฐും เดžാเดจ്‍ เดชเดฑเดฏുเดจ്เดจเดค്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดคുเด•ൊเดฃ്เดŸ്‌ เดคെเดฑ്เดฑാเดฃ്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดจ്‌ เดšൂเดฃ്เดŸിเด•്เด•ാเดŸ്เดŸിเดฏിเดŸ്เดŸിเดฒ്เดฒ. เดฎเดฑിเดš്เดš്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดจെ  เดชเดฑเดฏാเตป เด…เดจുเดตเดฆിเดฏ്เด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจിเดฒ്เดฒ.  เดžാเดจ്‍ เดชเดฑเดฏുเดจ്เดจ เด•ാเดฐ്เดฏเด™്เด™เตพ เดฑെเด•്เด•ോเดก്‌ เดšെเดฏ്เดฏാเตป  เดตിเดธเดฎ്เดฎเดคിเดฏ്เด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจു.  เด…เดค്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดฑെ เด†เดค്เดฎเดตിเดถ്เดตാเดธം เดตเดฐ്‍เดฆ്เดงിเดช്เดชിเดš്เดšിเดŸ്เดŸേเดฏുเดณ്เดณു. เดชเด•เดฒ്‍ เดŽเดค്เดฐเด•ാเดฒം เดฐാเดค്เดฐിเดฏാเดฃ്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดจ്‌ เดจเดŸിเดฏ്เด•്เด•ാเดจ്‍ เดชเดฑ്เดฑും. เดธൂเดฐ്เดฏเดจും เดšเดจ്เดฆ്เดฐเดจും เดธเดค്เดฏเดตും เด’เดฐിเด•്เด•เดฒും เดฎเดฑเดš്เดšുเดตเดฏ്เด•്เด•ാเดจ്‍ เด•เดดിเดฏിเดฒ്เดฒ เดŽเดจ്เดจ เดฌുเดฆ്เดงเดจ്เดฑെ เดตാเด•്เด•ുเด•เดณാเดฃ്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดฑെ เด†เดค്เดฎเดตിเดถ്เดตാเดธเดค്เดคിเดจ്เดฑെ เด†เดงാเดฐം. เดžാเดจ്‍ เดชเดฑเดฏുเดจ്เดจเดคിเดจോเดŸ്‌ เดญเดฏเดฎാเดฃ്‌. เด•ാเดฐเดฃം เดžാเดจ്‍ เดชเดฑเดฏുเดจ്เดจเดคിเดจ് เดฎเดฑുเดชเดŸി เด‡เดฒ്เดฒ.

(21) เด•േเดฐเดณ เดธเดฐ്‍เด•്เด•ാเดฐോ, เด…เดฒ്เดฒെเด™്เด•ിเดฒ്‍ เดฏാเด•്เด•ോเดฌാเดฏ เดตിเดญാเด—เดค്เดคിเดจ്เดฑെ เดคเดฒเดตเดจ്‍ Joseph Mar Gregorious  เดฌിเดทเดช്เดชോ เดฎേเดฒ്‍เดช്เดชเดฑเดž്เดž เดธเดค്เดฏം เด‰เดฑเด•്เด•െ เดตിเดณിเดš്เดšു เดชเดฑเดฏാเตป เดคเดฏ്เดฏാเดฑാเดฏാเดฒ്‍ เดชเดณเดณിเด•്เด•േเดธ്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดจെเดจ്เดจേเดฏ്เด•്เด•ുเดฎാเดฏി เด…เดตเดธാเดจിเดš്เดšു. เด•ോเดŸเดคിเด•เดณ്‍เด•്เด•്‌ เดˆ เดฏാเดฅാเดฐ്‍เดค്เดฅ്เดฏം เด…ംเด—ീเด•เดฐിเดš്เดšേ เดชเดฑ്เดฑു.
เดฎാเดค്เดฏൂเดธ് เดœെ. เดจെเดŸുംเดชാเดฑ 
9820232428

เด…เดŸിเด•്เด•ുเดฑിเดช്เดช്‌

เดœเดธ്เดฑ്เดฑീเดธുเดฎാเดฐാเดฏ เดฆേเดตเดจ്‍ เดฐാเดฎเดšเดจ്เดฆ്เดฐเดจും เด…เดฒเด•്เดธാเดฃ്เดŸเตผ เดคോเดฎเดธും เดŽเดจ്เดจോเดŸ്‌ เดตเดณเดฐെ เดฎോเดถเดฎാเดฏി เดชെเดฐുเดฎാเดฑി เดŽเดจ്เดจเดค്‌ เดธเดค്เดฏเดฎാเดฃ്‌. เดœ. เดฆേเดตเดจ്‍ เดฐാเดฎเดšเดจ്เดฆ്เดฐเตป เด•ോเดคเดฎംเด—เดฒം เด•േเดธ്‌ เด•േเตพเด•്เด•ാเตป เดชാเดŸിเดฒ്เดฒ เดŽเดจ്เดจ്‌ เดžാเดจ്‍ เดชเดฑเดž്เดžിเดฐുเดจ്เดจു. เด…เดค്‌ เด…เดฆ്เดฆേเดนเดค്เดคോเดŸുเดณ്เดณ เดตിเดฐോเดงം เด•ൊเดฃ്เดŸเดฒ്เดฒ. เด…เดฆ്เดฆേเดนം เดตเด•്เด•ീเดฒാเดฏിเดฐുเดจ്เดจเดช്เดชോเดณ്‍ เดชാเดค്เดฐിเดฏാเดฐ്‍เด•്เด•ീเดธ്‌ เด•ാเดฐ്‍เด•്เด•ുเดตേเดฃ്เดŸി เด•േเดธ്‌ เดตാเดฆിเดš്เดšിเดฐുเดจ്เดจു. เด’เดฐു เดœเดก്เดœ്‌ เดคാเตป เดตเด•്เด•ീเดฒാเดฏിเดŸ്เดŸോ, เด…เดฒ്เดฒെเด™്เด•ിเดฒ്‍ เด•เด•്เดทിเดฏാเดฏിเดŸ്เดŸോ, เดธാเด•്เดทിเดฏാเดฏിเดŸ്เดŸോ, เด‰เดณ്‍เดช്เดชെเดŸ്เดŸ เด•േเดธിเดฒ്‍ เดœเดก്เดœ്‌ เด†เด•ാเตป เดชാเดŸിเดฒ്เดฒ เดŽเดจ്เดจเดค്‌ เด’เดฐു fundamental principle เด†เดฃ്‌. เด† เดตാเดฆം เดžാเดจ്‍ เด‰เดจ്เดจเดฏിเดš്เดšിเดฐുเดจ്เดจു. เด•ാเดฐเดฃം เด…เดค്‌ เดชเดฑเดฏേเดฃ്เดŸเดค്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดฑെ เด•เดŸเดฎเดฏാเดฃ്‌. เด…เดคിเดจ്เดฑെ เดชേเดฐിเดฒ്‍ เดœ. เดฆേเดตเดจ്‍ เดฐാเดฎเดšเดจ്เดฆ്เดฐเดจ് เดŽเดจ്เดจോเดŸ്‌ เดตിเดฆ്เดตേเดทം เด‰เดฃ്เดŸാเด•േเดฃ്เดŸ เด•ാเดฐ്เดฏเดฎിเดฒ്เดฒ. เดŽเดจ്เดจോเดŸ്‌ เดตเดณเดฐെ hostile เด†เดฏിเดŸ്เดŸാเดฃ്‌ เด…เดฆ്เดฆേเดนം เดชെเดฐുเดฎാเดฑുเดจ്เดจเดค്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดจเดค്‌ เด’เดŸ്เดŸേเดฑെ เด†เดณുเด•เตพ เดŽเดจ്เดจോเดŸും เดชเดฑเดž്เดžിเดŸ്เดŸുเดฃ്เดŸ്‌. เด…เดคെเดฒ്เดฒാം เด’เดฐു occupational risk- เดจ്เดฑെ เดญാเด—เดฎാเดฃ്‌. เด’เดฐു เด•ാเดฐ്เดฏം เดต്เดฏเด•്เดคเดฎാเด•്เด•เดŸ്เดŸെ เดŽเดจ്เดจെ เด•เดณ്เดณเด•്เด•േเดธിเตฝ เด•ുเดŸുเด•്เด•ി, เด…เดชเด•ീเดฐ്‍เดค്เดคിเดช്เดชെเดŸുเดค്เดคി เด‡เดฒ്เดฒാเดคാเด•്เด•ാเตป เดšിเดฒเดฐെเดฒ്เดฒാം เดถ്เดฐเดฎിเดš്เดšിเดŸ്เดŸുเดฃ്เดŸ്‌.  เดชเด•്เดทേ เด…เดค്‌ เด…เดตเดฐ്‍เด•്เด•്‌ เดคเดจ്เดจെ เดตിเดจเดฏാเดฏിเดŸ്เดŸേเดฏുเดณ്เดณു. God is truth; truth is God. เดŽเดจിเด•്เด•്‌ เดธเดค്เดฏเดฎെเดจ്เดจ เดฆൈเดตเดค്เดคിเตฝ เด…เดค്เดฐเดฎാเดค്เดฐം เด…เดšเดž്เดšเดฒเดฎാเดฏ เดตിเดถ്เดตാเดธเดฎുเดฃ്เดŸ്‌. เดธเดค്เดฏം เดคാเดฒ്เด•്เด•ാเดฒിเด•เดฎാเดฏി เดฎเดฑเดฏ്เด•്เด•เดช്เดชെเดŸാം.  เด†เดค്เดฏเดจ്เดคിเด•เดฎാเดฏി เดธเดค്เดฏം เดฎാเดค്เดฐเดฎേ เดจിเดฒเดจിเดฒ്‍เด•്เด•ു. เด† เดตിเดถ്เดตാเดธം เด’เดจ്เดจു เดฎാเดค്เดฐเดฎാเดฃ് เดชเดณ്เดณിเด•്เด•േเดธിเดฒെ เดธเดค്เดฏം เดคുเดฑเดจ്เดจു เดชเดฑเดฏാเดจ്‍ เดŽเดจിเดฏ്เด•്เด•്‌ เดงൈเดฐ്เดฏം เดคเดฐുเดจ്เดจเดค്‌. เดฏാเด•്เด•ോเดฌാเด•്เด•ോเดฐോเดŸുเดณเดณ เดจീเดคി เดจിเดทേเดงเดค്เดคിเดจ് เด…เดตเดธാเดจം เดตเดฐുเดค്เดคാเดจ്‍ เดžാเตป เด’เดฑ്เดฑเดฏാเตพ เดฎเดคിเดฏെเดจ്เดจ เดตിเดถ്เดตാเดธเดค്เดคിเดจ്เดฑെ เด†เดงാเดฐം เดธเดค്เดฏเดฎാเดฃ്‌ เดฆൈเดตം เดŽเดจ്เดจ เดตിเดถ്เดตാเดธเดฎാเดฃ്‌. เด† เดตിเดถ്เดตാเดธเดฎാเดฃ്‌ เดŽเดจ്เดจെ เด†เด•്เดทേเดชിเด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจเดตเดฐേเดฏും เดฆ്เดฐോเดนിเด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจเดตเดฐേเดฏും เดŽเดจിเดฏ്เด•്เด•്‌ เด•്เดทเดฎിเด•്เด•ാเตป เด•เดดിเดฏുเดจ്เดจเดคിเดจ്เดฑെ เด†เดงാเดฐം.

เดฎാเดค്เดฏൂเดธ് เดœെ. เดจെเดŸുംเดชാเดฑ 
9820535428

Sunday 7 November 2021

Utharappalli River (เด‰เดค്เดคเดฐเดช്เดชเดณ്เดณിเดฏാเตผ )

Utharappalli River (เด‰เดค്เดคเดฐเดช്เดชเดณ്เดณിเดฏാเตผ ) is the 45th River of Kerala though not listed under major rivers of Kerala.

With a length of 18 Kms connecting directly from Achankovil River , Venmani, Alappuzha District to  Pamba River and with two major tributaries totaling a length of 34 Kms , is definitely one of the major river network in south Kerala.

Utharappalli River used to meet the drinking water and agricultural requirement of around 100,000 people spread across 70 Sq Kms Area in five Panchayaths of Alappuzha District.

With insensitive development projects, encroachments , the water flow ceased to exist and river running dry through out the year even though both connecting to rivers with plenty of water. 

In addition to above during Rainy season and and even with minor shower, the entire area floods as there is no way to drain the water.

Irrespective of winning the case in Hugh Court to restore the river to its pristine glory,  no action being taken at departmental level.

The plight of River can be seen in videos' and news paper reports available in the Facebook group of activists.

Currently the population of 100,000 people around the river having acute water shortage, loss of agriculture and suffering severe illness due to water pollution.