tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-36490394621602609252024-02-25T10:30:04.714+03:00Live law CivilLatest News ,Travel india,Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.comBlogger356125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-59824566625582585992024-02-25T10:27:00.002+03:002024-02-25T10:28:58.263+03:00land acquisition <div>11(1))</div><div><br></div><div>(1) On making an award under section 11, the Collector shall tender payment of the compensation awarded by him to the persons interested entitled thereto according to the award and shall pay it to them unless prevented by some one or more of the contingencies mentioned in the next sub-section<br></div><div><br></div>Under section 11(4) of the Act, no person shall make any transaction or cause any transaction of land i.e. sale/purchase, etc., or create any encumbrances on such land from the date of publication of such notification without prior approval of the Collector.<div><br></div><div><div><div aria-expanded="true" role="button"><div><span>What is Section 101 of the Land Acquisition Act?</span></div><div><div></div></div><div></div></div></div><div><div aria-level="3" role="heading"><span lang="en">When any land acquired under this Act remains unutilised for a period of five years from the date of taking over the possession, the same shall be returned to the original owner or owners or their legal heirs, as the case may be, or to the Land Bank of the appropriate Government by reversion in the manner as may be</span></div><div aria-level="3" role="heading"><span lang="en"><div><h2>Section 6(1) in The Land Acquisition Act, 1894</h2><section><span>(1)</span><span><span>Subject to the provisions of Part VII of this Act, [when the [appropriate Government] <span>[Substituted by Act 38 of 1923, Section 4, for " whenever it appears to the Local Government" .]</span> is satisfied, after considering the report, if any, made under section 5-A, sub-section (2)], that any particular land is needed for a public purpose, or for a company, a declaration shall be made to that effect under the signature of a Secretary to such Government or of some officer duly authorised to certify its orders [and different declarations may be made from time to time in respect of different parcels of any land covered by the same notification under section 4, sub-section (1), irrespective of whether one report or different reports has or have been made (wherever required) under section 5-A, sub-section (2)] <span>[Inserted by Act 13 of 1967, Section 3 (w.e.f. 12.4.1967).]</span>:</span><span>[6Provided that no declaration in respect of any particular land covered by a notification under section 4, sub-section (1),</span></span><section><span><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/827198/">(i)</a></span><span><span>published after the commencement of the Land Acquisition (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 1967 (1 of 1967), but before the commencement of the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1984, shall be made after the expiry of three years from the date of the publication of the notification;</span></span></section><span><span><span>or</span></span></span><section><span><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/387895/">(ii)</a></span><span><span>published after the commencement of the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1984, shall be made after the expiry of one year from the date of the publication of the notification:]</span></span></section><span><span>[Provided further] <span>[Substituted by Act 13 of 1967, Section 3, for " Provided that" (w.e.f 12.4.1967).]</span> that no such declaration shall be made unless the compensation to be awarded for such property is to be paid by a company, or wholly or partly out of public revenues or some fund controlled or managed by a local authority.</span><span>[Explanation 1. In computing any of the periods referred to in the first proviso, the period during which any action or proceeding to be taken in pursuance of the notification issued under section 4, sub-section (1), is stayed by an order of a Court shall be excluded.</span><span>Explanation 2. Where the compensation to be awarded for such property is to be paid out of the funds of a corporation owned or controlled by the State, such compensation shall be deemed to be compensation paid out of public revenues.]</span></span></section></div></span></div></div></div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-46242177911725808362024-02-18T07:43:00.002+03:002024-02-25T10:29:32.814+03:00Goverment cannot acquire lands of private parties without paying adequate market rate compensation.<div><div><div><div><div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div height="30"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div width="100%"><div><div><span><span><p>This is done in accordance with the provisions of Land Acquisition Act. Government enjoys a power to acquire land belonging to private individual for public purpose. This has nothing to do with the willingness or unwillingness of the landowner.</p><p>There is a process of acquisition mentioned in the Act done by the District Magistrate and Collector, or certain other officer duly authorised in this behalf. The landowner will be notified and the landowner may contest the acquisition, pleading that the concerned acquisition is not for a public purpose.</p><p>Certainly the government cannot acquire a land belonging to a private individual for the purpose of opening a dance bar.</p><p>The crux of the acquisition is the necessity to fulfill a public purpose. If that is so, the willingness or other wise of the land owner becomes immaterial.</p><p>In lieu of acquisition, the landowner will be compensated in the form of an award. If the landowner is aggrieved with the extent of the award as grossly inadequate, he may apply under the act to move the Judge, land acquisition court for a revision of the awa</p></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div width="100%"><div><div><div width="100%"><div><div><div width="100%"><div><div><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div height="30"><div height="30"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div></div></div><div></div></div><div><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><span><div><div><div><div width="100%"><div><div height="40"><div aria-label="ExternalLink"><span width="20" height="20"><span></span></span></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div><div height="30"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></span></div><div><div><div><div width="100%"><div><div><div></div><div><div><span><span><p>What will happen?</p><p>It will taken by the Government with a prior legal and written notice to the property owner and same will be announce in public media ( news papers)</p><p>What they will get ?</p><p>As per the land guideline value estimated by Registration Department of the Govt. , Every State and and Every district have their own State Registration Dept. and Registrar offices, They have the Guideline value ( Usually fixed by the Govt. and revalued on regular time ba</p></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div height="30"><div height="30"></div></div></div></div><div><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div width="100%"><div><div><div><div><span><span><span><span><span>Telangana government is planning for road widening in my area and my house may get demolished, how can I stop the govt. from cutting my house? What are the related laws of this issue?</span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div><div><div><div></div><div><div><div><div><span><p>You can go to court and get an injunction against the move to cut your house - but sooner or later, the government will win - if they can convince the court that the road widening is in public interest…</p><p>The court will of course ask the government to compensate you well - and you can probably get that compensation even without going to court…</p><p>Depending on the area lost, the government will also permit you to build more floors on the existing house if the structural design permits it…or will allow you to demolish the existing house and build a brand new house in the reduced area…the cost of the pl</p><div width="100%" height="100"><div><div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div height="30"><div height="30"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div></div></div><div></div></div><div><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><span><div><div><div><div width="100%"><div><div height="40"><div aria-label="ExternalLink"><span width="20" height="20"><span></span></span></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div height="30"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></span></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div height="30"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div width="100%"><div><div><span><span><p>In the normal course the government issues notice to land owners / patta holders for acquisition. The landowner’s consent is not always required in case of any urgent necessity for acquisition for government projects.</p><p>At the same time, it is the right of the land owner to have fair compensation for his land. Therefore in order to protect such interest of land owners, Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 was passed, thereby replacing the old Land Acquisition Act, 1894. Under the 2013 Act, the consent of 80% of the land owners must be obtained for private projects, whereas the consent of 70% of land owners must be obtained for public-private partnership</p></span></span></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div height="30"><div height="30"></div></div></div></div><div><div></div></div><div></div></div><div><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><span><div><div><div><div><div><div width="100%"><div><div><div><div><div><div><span><div width="100%" height="100"><div><div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div height="30"><div height="30"></div></div></div></div><div><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></span></div><div><div><div><div width="100%"><div><div><span><span><ol><li>Negotiate with the government. In many cases, it is possible to negotiate with the government to avoid having your house demolished. You may be able to negotiate for a different route for the road, or you may be able to negotiate for compensation for your house.</li><li>File a legal challenge. If you are unable to reach an agreement with the government, you may be able to file a legal challenge to the road widening project. You would need to argue that the project is illegal or that it violates your constitutional rights.</li><li>Protest the project. You may also be able to protest the road widening project to try to raise awareness of your situation and build public support for your cause.</li></ol><p>Here are some specific steps you can take to stop the government from demolishing your house:</p><ol><li>Gather information. Learn as much as you can about the road widening project, including the proposed route, the timeline for the project, and the government's plans for compensation.</li><li>Contact your elected representatives. Meet with your local and state elected representatives to express your concerns about the project. Ask them to advocate for you with the government.</li><li>Organize your community. Talk to your neighbors and other people who will be affected by the project. Form a group to advocate for your interests.</li><li>Explore your legal options. Consult with an attorney to discuss your legal rights and options. You may be able to file a lawsuit to stop the project or to obtain compensation for your house.</li></ol><p>The following laws are relevant to the issue of road widening and demolition of houses:</p><ul><li>The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (RFCTLARR Act) is a law that protects the rights of people who are affected by land acquisition and resettlement projects. The RFCTLARR Act requires the government to provide fair compensation to people whose land is acquired for public projects. The RFCTLARR Act also requires the government to provide rehabilitation and resettlement assistance to people who are displaced by public projects.</li><li>The Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 2020 is an amendment to the RFCTLARR Act that makes it easier for the government to acquire land for public projects. The Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 2020 has been criticized by some for weakening the protections of the RFCTLARR Act.</li></ul></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div height="30"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><span><div><div><div><div><div><div><div height="30"><div height="30"></div></div></div></div><div><div></div></div><div></div></div></div></div></div></span></div><div><div><div><div width="100%"><div><div><span><span><p>There is a process of acquisition mentioned in the Act done by the District Magistrate and Collector, or certain other officer duly authorised in this behalf. The landowner will be notified and the landowner may contest the acquisition, pleading that the concerned acquisition is not for a public purpose</p></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-11299841367118637052023-10-06T11:31:00.001+03:002023-10-06T11:31:05.690+03:00Whether the issue of maintainability of the case be heard first and then the question of filing a written statement is a matter of judicial discretion. <div><br></div><div><div>Whether the issue of maintainability of the case be heard first and then the question of filing a written statement is a matter of judicial discretion. The court will decide on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the specific facts and circumstances of the case.</div><div><br></div><div>In general, however, the court will usually hear the issue of maintainability of the case first. This is because if the court finds that the case is not maintainable, then there is no need to proceed with the case any further. This saves time and resources for both the court and the parties involved.</div><div><br></div><div>However, there are some cases where the court may decide to hear the question of filing a written statement first. For example, if the court is unsure whether the case is maintainable, it may ask the parties to file written statements so that it can have a better understanding of the case before making a decision on the issue of maintainability.</div><div><br></div><div>Another example is where the court finds that the issue of maintainability is complex and will require a lot of time to argue and decide. In such cases, the court may ask the parties to file written statements so that it can have more time to consider the issue before making a decision.</div><div><br></div><div>Ultimately, the decision of whether to hear the issue of maintainability of the case first or the question of filing a written statement first is up to the judge.</div><div><br></div><div>Here are some of the factors that the judge may consider when making this decision:</div><div><br></div><div>The complexity of the issue of maintainability</div><div>The amount of time that it will take to argue and decide the issue of maintainability</div><div>Whether the court is unsure whether the case is maintainable</div><div>Whether the parties have agreed on whether to hear the issue of maintainability first or the question of filing a written statement first</div><div>The interests of justice</div></div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-874908329171653812023-09-25T09:09:00.003+03:002023-09-25T09:09:25.406+03:00Certified Copy Can be Provided to Prove Original Sale Deed: SC<div>Certified Copy Can be Provided to Prove Original Sale Deed: SC</div><div><br></div><div>Read more: https://lawtrend.in/certified-copy-can-be-provided-to-prove-original-sale-deed-sc/</div><div><br></div><div><div>In a significant legal ruling, the Supreme Court of India has reaffirmed the admissibility of certified copies of original sale deeds as evidence in a</div><div><br></div><div>Read more: https://lawtrend.in/certified-copy-can-be-provided-to-prove-original-sale-deed-sc/</div></div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-18691924319763369422023-09-25T09:09:00.001+03:002023-09-25T09:09:14.447+03:00Which original suit can be filled in district court<announcement-banner _ngcontent-ng-c3757480437="" role="complementary" _nghost-ng-c2524483177="" class="ng-tns-c3757480437-0 ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c2524483177="" class="banner regular experiment mobile"><div _ngcontent-ng-c2524483177="" class="banner-content gmat-caption"><br></div></div></announcement-banner><side-navigation _ngcontent-ng-c3757480437="" class="content ng-tns-c3757480437-0" _nghost-ng-c1356767188=""><mat-sidenav-content _ngcontent-ng-c1356767188="" ngskiphydration="" class="mat-drawer-content mat-sidenav-content" aria-hidden="false"><main _ngcontent-ng-c3757480437="" class="main-landmark hidden-sidenav ng-trigger ng-trigger-routeChangeAnimation"><chat-window _nghost-ng-c3214566549="" class="ng-tns-c3214566549-2 ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c3214566549="" class="chat-container ng-tns-c3214566549-2 ng-star-inserted at-most-mobile-large" jslog="173898;track:impression"><div _ngcontent-ng-c3214566549="" class="chat-history-scroll-container ng-tns-c3214566549-2 show-bottom-shadow ng-trigger ng-trigger-resetChat"><infinite-scroller _ngcontent-ng-c3214566549="" data-test-id="chat-history-container" class="chat-history ng-tns-c3214566549-2 ng-star-inserted" _nghost-ng-c2210401076=""><div _ngcontent-ng-c3214566549="" class="conversation-container ng-tns-c3214566549-2 ng-star-inserted"><user-query _ngcontent-ng-c3214566549="" _nghost-ng-c3856764107="" class="ng-tns-c3856764107-9 ng-tns-c3214566549-2 ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c3856764107="" class="user-query-container ng-tns-c3856764107-9 ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c3856764107="" class="query-content ng-tns-c3856764107-9" id="user-query-content-0"><h2 _ngcontent-ng-c3856764107="" class="query-text ng-tns-c3856764107-9 ng-star-inserted" dir="ltr">Which original suit can be filled in district court Kerala</h2></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c3856764107="" class="button-gutter ng-tns-c3856764107-9"><br></div></div></user-query><model-response _ngcontent-ng-c3214566549="" _nghost-ng-c3940062338="" class="ng-tns-c3940062338-10 ng-tns-c3214566549-2 ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c3940062338="" class="ng-tns-c3940062338-10"><response-container _ngcontent-ng-c3940062338="" _nghost-ng-c2740113050="" class="ng-tns-c2740113050-11 ng-tns-c3940062338-10 ng-star-inserted" jslog="188576;track:impression;BardVeMetadataKey:[["r_176408cfc945162f","c_176408cfc9451ea8",null,null,null,null,null,null,0]];mutable:true"><div _ngcontent-ng-c2740113050="" selection="" class="response-container ng-tns-c2740113050-11 response-container-has-multiple-responses" jslog="173900;track:impression"><div _ngcontent-ng-c2740113050="" class="multi-response-container ng-tns-c2740113050-11 ng-trigger ng-trigger-responsePreviewsEnter"><mat-expansion-panel _ngcontent-ng-c2740113050="" class="mat-expansion-panel model-response-previews ng-tns-c189856583-12 ng-tns-c2740113050-11 tts-expansion-panel ng-star-inserted"><div role="region" class="mat-expansion-panel-content ng-tns-c189856583-12 ng-trigger ng-trigger-bodyExpansion" id="cdk-accordion-child-0" aria-labelledby="mat-expansion-panel-header-0"><div class="mat-expansion-panel-body ng-tns-c189856583-12"><div _ngcontent-ng-c2740113050="" class="model-response-preview-container ng-tns-c189856583-12"><button _ngcontent-ng-c2740113050="" mattooltip="Regenerate drafts" class="mat-mdc-tooltip-trigger model-response-preview-button refresh-button ng-tns-c2740113050-11 ng-star-inserted" jslog="173911;track:generic_click,impression;BardVeMetadataKey:[["r_176408cfc945162f","c_176408cfc9451ea8",null,null,null,null,null,null,0]]" aria-describedby="cdk-describedby-message-ng-1-10" cdk-describedby-host="ng-1"><mat-icon _ngcontent-ng-c2740113050="" role="img" class="mat-icon notranslate ng-tns-c2740113050-11 google-symbols mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="font"></mat-icon><span _ngcontent-ng-c2740113050="" class="regenerate-button-description ng-tns-c2740113050-11"></span></button></div></div></div></mat-expansion-panel></div><tts-control _ngcontent-ng-c2740113050="" _nghost-ng-c351386250="" class="ng-tns-c2740113050-11 ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c351386250="" class="response-tts-container multi ng-star-inserted"><button _ngcontent-ng-c351386250="" mat-icon-button="" class="mat-mdc-tooltip-trigger tts-button mdc-icon-button mat-mdc-icon-button mat-unthemed mat-mdc-button-base gmat-mdc-button ng-star-inserted" mat-ripple-loader-uninitialized="" mat-ripple-loader-class-name="mat-mdc-button-ripple" mat-ripple-loader-centered="" aria-label="Listen" jslog="184512;track:generic_click,impression;BardVeMetadataKey:[[null,null,null,"rc_176408cfc9451bd2",null,null,"en"]];mutable:true"><mat-icon _ngcontent-ng-c351386250="" role="img" class="mat-icon notranslate filled google-symbols mat-icon-no-color ng-star-inserted" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="font"><br></mat-icon></button></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c351386250="" class="response-tts-container multi ng-star-inserted"><button _ngcontent-ng-c351386250="" mat-icon-button="" class="mat-mdc-tooltip-trigger tts-button mdc-icon-button mat-mdc-icon-button mat-unthemed mat-mdc-button-base gmat-mdc-button ng-star-inserted" mat-ripple-loader-uninitialized="" mat-ripple-loader-class-name="mat-mdc-button-ripple" mat-ripple-loader-centered="" aria-label="Listen" jslog="184512;track:generic_click,impression;BardVeMetadataKey:[[null,null,null,"rc_176408cfc9451bd2",null,null,"en"]];mutable:true"><mat-icon _ngcontent-ng-c351386250="" role="img" class="mat-icon notranslate filled google-symbols mat-icon-no-color ng-star-inserted" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="font"><br></mat-icon></button></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c351386250="" class="response-tts-container multi ng-star-inserted"><button _ngcontent-ng-c351386250="" mat-icon-button="" class="mat-mdc-tooltip-trigger tts-button mdc-icon-button mat-mdc-icon-button mat-unthemed mat-mdc-button-base gmat-mdc-button ng-star-inserted" mat-ripple-loader-uninitialized="" mat-ripple-loader-class-name="mat-mdc-button-ripple" mat-ripple-loader-centered="" aria-label="Listen" jslog="184512;track:generic_click,impression;BardVeMetadataKey:[[null,null,null,"rc_176408cfc9451bd2",null,null,"en"]];mutable:true"><mat-icon _ngcontent-ng-c351386250="" role="img" class="mat-icon notranslate filled google-symbols mat-icon-no-color ng-star-inserted" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="font"><br></mat-icon></button></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c351386250="" class="response-tts-container multi ng-star-inserted"><button _ngcontent-ng-c351386250="" mat-icon-button="" class="mat-mdc-tooltip-trigger tts-button mdc-icon-button mat-mdc-icon-button mat-unthemed mat-mdc-button-base gmat-mdc-button ng-star-inserted" mat-ripple-loader-uninitialized="" mat-ripple-loader-class-name="mat-mdc-button-ripple" mat-ripple-loader-centered="" aria-label="Listen" jslog="184512;track:generic_click,impression;BardVeMetadataKey:[[null,null,null,"rc_176408cfc9451bd2",null,null,"en"]];mutable:true"><mat-icon _ngcontent-ng-c351386250="" role="img" class="mat-icon notranslate filled google-symbols mat-icon-no-color ng-star-inserted" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="font"><br></mat-icon></button></div></tts-control><div _ngcontent-ng-c2740113050="" class="presented-response-container ng-tns-c2740113050-11"><div _ngcontent-ng-c2740113050="" class="logo-gutter ng-tns-c2740113050-11 ng-star-inserted"><recitations-gutter _ngcontent-ng-c2740113050="" _nghost-ng-c715138752="" class="ng-tns-c2740113050-11 ng-trigger ng-trigger-hideElement ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c715138752="" class="resize-observable"></div></recitations-gutter></div><div _ngcontent-ng-c2740113050="" class="response-container-content ng-tns-c2740113050-11"><div _ngcontent-ng-c3940062338="" class="response-content ng-trigger ng-trigger-responsePopulation ng-tns-c2740113050-11"><message-content _ngcontent-ng-c3940062338="" class="model-response-text ng-tns-c3940062338-10 ng-star-inserted" _nghost-ng-c2508940517="" id="message-content-idr_176408cfc945162f"><div _ngcontent-ng-c2508940517="" class="markdown markdown-main-panel" dir="ltr"><p data-sourcepos="1:1-1:74">The following original suits can be filed in the District Court of Kerala:</p><ul data-sourcepos="3:1-16:0"><li data-sourcepos="3:1-3:129">Suits for the recovery of money or movable property, where the value of the subject matter of the suit exceeds two lakh rupees.</li><li data-sourcepos="4:1-4:54">Suits for immovable property, irrespective of value.</li><li data-sourcepos="5:1-5:121">Suits for specific performance of contracts, where the value of the subject matter of the suit exceeds two lakh rupees.</li><li data-sourcepos="6:1-6:99">Suits for injunctions, where the value of the subject matter of the suit exceeds two lakh rupees.</li><li data-sourcepos="7:1-7:44">Suits for partition of immovable property.</li><li data-sourcepos="8:1-8:76">Suits for divorce, nullity of marriage and restitution of conjugal rights.</li><li data-sourcepos="9:1-9:42">Suits for the administration of estates.</li><li data-sourcepos="10:1-10:43">Suits for the protection of civil rights.</li><li data-sourcepos="11:1-11:40">Suits relating to trusts and trustees.</li><li data-sourcepos="12:1-12:58">Suits relating to companies and other registered bodies.</li><li data-sourcepos="13:1-13:43">Suits relating to admiralty jurisdiction.</li><li data-sourcepos="14:1-14:49">Suits for the enforcement of foreign judgments.</li><li data-sourcepos="15:1-16:0">Any other suit which is specifically assigned to the District Court by law.</li></ul><p data-sourcepos="17:1-17:149">It is important to note that the District Court is also the appellate court for suits decided by the Subordinate Judge's Court and the Munsiff Court.</p></div></message-content></div></div></div></div></response-container></div></model-response></div></infinite-scroller></div></div></chat-window></main></mat-sidenav-content></side-navigation>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-39805236466440926452023-09-24T16:27:00.001+03:002023-09-24T16:27:09.549+03:00Certified Copy Can be Provided to Prove Original Sale Deed: SC<div>Certified Copy Can be Provided to Prove Original Sale Deed: SC</div><div><br></div><div>Read more: https://lawtrend.in/certified-copy-can-be-provided-to-prove-original-sale-deed-sc/</div><div><br></div><div><div>In a significant legal ruling, the Supreme Court of India has reaffirmed the admissibility of certified copies of original sale deeds as evidence in a</div><div><br></div><div>Read more: https://lawtrend.in/certified-copy-can-be-provided-to-prove-original-sale-deed-sc/</div></div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-23861002929638078292023-02-28T17:38:00.001+03:002023-03-10T08:12:05.801+03:00correcting revenue recordsApplicant has to <b>submit a requisition along with the required document to the authorities at the respective thasildhar office for correcting revenue records in the annual register</b>. Authority will verify the details submitted and initiate the internal process.<div>Kerala - Modify or Correct Revenue Records<br></div><div><p><b>Apply In-Person</b><br></p><ol><li>Applicants can approach thasildhar office for this procedure</li><li>Link for contact details : <a class="external text" href="https://www.kerala.gov.in/web/guest/municipal-corparations" rel="nofollow" target="_top">link</a> and <a class="external text" href="http://ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/07-OFFICIALS/01-CONTACT.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_top">link</a></li><li>Application form: <a class="external text" href="https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/9f95a8f9-f0ac-4b71-bf03-1a0f77876afc" rel="nofollow" target="_top">link</a></li><li>Applicant has to submit a requisition along with the required document to the authorities at the respective thasildhar office for correcting revenue records in the annual register.</li><li>Authority will verify the details submitted and initiate the internal process.</li><li>Applicant will get a transaction number for the application made. Use this number for future reference (if required, please pay the fees as authority quote)</li><li>After internal processing and verification, Thasildhar will do the changes. If required, consultation of collector will be sought.</li><li>Applicant on notification come in-person for signing in registries.</li><li>On the said date applicant has to appear and do as per advise from authorities to complete the procedure.</li></ol><p><br><b>To know details through e-District</b><br></p><ol><li>Go to the portal: <a class="external text" href="https://www.revenue.kerala.gov.in/" rel="nofollow" target="_top">link</a></li><li>Please select “ReLIS” menu option to reach next page.</li><li>In the next page, select “Verify” menu option to get the verification popup session.</li><li>Under “Pokkuvaravu” please select and fill the required prompted details and hit “Get” at the bottom of the pop up.</li><li>The details for the information provided </li></ol></div><div><br><div class="MainContent"><h2 class="SectionHeadings" id="Procedure"><br></h2><hr><div class="InContent"><p><b>Apply In-Person</b><br></p><ol><li>Applicants can approach thasildhar office for this procedure</li><li>Link for contact details : <a class="external text" href="https://www.kerala.gov.in/web/guest/municipal-corparations" rel="nofollow" target="_top">link</a> and <a class="external text" href="http://ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/07-OFFICIALS/01-CONTACT.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_top">link</a></li><li>Application form: <a class="external text" href="https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/9f95a8f9-f0ac-4b71-bf03-1a0f77876afc" rel="nofollow" target="_top">link</a></li><li>Applicant has to submit a requisition along with the required document to the authorities at the respective thasildhar office for correcting revenue records in the annual register.</li><li>Authority will verify the details submitted and initiate the internal process.</li><li>Applicant will get a transaction number for the application made. Use this number for future reference (if required, please pay the fees as authority quote)</li><li>After internal processing and verification, Thasildhar will do the changes. If required, consultation of collector will be sought.</li><li>Applicant on notification come in-person for signing in registries.</li><li>On the said date applicant has to appear and do as per advise from authorities to complete the procedure.</li></ol><p><br><b>To know details through e-District</b><br></p><ol><li>Go to the portal: <a class="external text" href="https://www.revenue.kerala.gov.in/" rel="nofollow" target="_top">link</a></li><li>Please select “ReLIS” menu option to reach next page.</li><li>In the next page, select “Verify” menu option to get the verification popup session.</li><li>Under “Pokkuvaravu” please select and fill the required prompted details and hit “Get” at the bottom of the pop up.</li><li>The details for the information provided will be displayed.</li></ol></div><br><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-148"><amp-ad class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed-height i-amphtml-layout-size-defined i-amphtml-element i-amphtml-built i-amphtml-layout" data-ad-client="ca-pub-2996699528081700" data-ad-slot="3501797636" height="320" i-amphtml-layout="fixed-height" layout="fixed-height" type="adsense" data-amp-slot-index="1" data-a4a-upgrade-type="amp-ad-network-adsense-impl" width="100vw" data-full-width="" data-auto-format="rspv" data-google-query-id="CNvZ0L-3uP0CFcKGaAodGgIPZA"><iframe src="https://d-1420878224416896941.ampproject.net/2302031721000/nameframe.html" name="{"width":100,"height":320,"_context":{"ampcontextVersion":"2302031721000","ampcontextFilepath":"https://3p.ampproject.net/2302031721000/ampcontext-v0.js","sourceUrl":"https://www.wikiprocedure.com/extensions/Amp/ampfiles/Kerala_-_Modify_or_Correct_Revenue_Records.html#origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&prerenderSize=1&visibilityState=prerender&paddingTop=32&p2r=0&csi=1&aoh=16775946284500&viewerUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Famp%2Fs%2Fwww.wikiprocedure.com%2Fextensions%2FAmp%2Fampfiles%2FKerala_-_Modify_or_Correct_Revenue_Records.html&history=1&storage=1&cid=1&cap=navigateTo%2Ccid%2CfullReplaceHistory%2Ceducation%2Cfragment%2CreplaceUrl%2CiframeScroll&highlight=%7B%22s%22%3A%5B%22Applicant%20has%20to%20submit%20a%20requisition%20along%20with%20the%20required%20document%20to%20the%20authorities%20at%20the%20respective%20thasildhar%20office%20for%20correcting%20revenue%20records%20in%20the%20annual%20register.%22%2C%22Authority%20will%20verify%20the%20details%20submitted%20and%20initiate%20the%20internal%20process.%22%5D%7D","referrer":"https://www.google.com/","canonicalUrl":"https://www.wikiprocedure.com/index.php/Kerala_-_Modify_or_Correct_Revenue_Records","pageViewId":"2101","location":{"href":"https://www-wikiprocedure-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.wikiprocedure.com/extensions/Amp/ampfiles/Kerala_-_Modify_or_Correct_Revenue_Records.html?amp_js_v=0.1&usqp=mq331AQKKAFQArABIIACAw%3D%3D#origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&prerenderSize=1&visibilityState=prerender&paddingTop=32&p2r=0&csi=1&aoh=16775946284500&viewerUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Famp%2Fs%2Fwww.wikiprocedure.com%2Fextensions%2FAmp%2Fampfiles%2FKerala_-_Modify_or_Correct_Revenue_Records.html&history=1&storage=1&cid=1&cap=navigateTo%2Ccid%2CfullReplaceHistory%2Ceducation%2Cfragment%2CreplaceUrl%2CiframeScroll&highlight=%7B%22s%22%3A%5B%22Applicant%20has%20to%20submit%20a%20requisition%20along%20with%20the%20required%20document%20to%20the%20authorities%20at%20the%20respective%20thasildhar%20office%20for%20correcting%20revenue%20records%20in%20the%20annual%20register.%22%2C%22Authority%20will%20verify%20the%20details%20submitted%20and%20initiate%20the%20internal%20process.%22%5D%7D"},"startTime":1677594763910,"tagName":"AMP-AD","mode":{"localDev":false,"development":false,"esm":true,"test":false,"rtvVersion":"012302031721000"},"canary":false,"hidden":false,"initialLayoutRect":{"left":0,"top":1429,"width":412,"height":300},"domFingerprint":"3890495079","experimentToggles":{"canary":false,"a4aProfilingRate":false,"doubleclickSraExp":false,"doubleclickSraReportExcludedBlock":false,"flexAdSlots":false,"flexible-bitrate":false,"ios-fixed-no-transfer":false,"story-ad-placements":false,"story-disable-animations-first-page":true,"story-load-inactive-outside-viewport":true,"amp-sticky-ad-to-amp-ad-v4":false,"story-video-cache-apply-audio":false,"amp-story-subscriptions":true,"esm":true,"amp-story-first-page-max-bitrate":true,"story-load-first-page-only":true,"story-ad-page-outlink":false,"amp-geo-ssr":true,"story-remote-localization":true,"attribution-reporting":false},"sentinel":"1-41139590161503507927"},"initialIntersection":{"time":131352.59999990463,"rootBounds":{"left":0,"top":0,"width":412,"height":756,"bottom":756,"right":412,"x":0,"y":0},"boundingClientRect":{"left":0,"top":1238.5238037109375,"width":412,"height":300,"bottom":1538.5238037109375,"right":412,"x":0,"y":1238.5238037109375},"intersectionRect":{"left":0,"top":0,"width":0,"height":0,"bottom":0,"right":0,"x":0,"y":0},"intersectionRatio":0},"creative":"<!DOCTYPE html><html lang=en><head><meta charset=\"UTF-8\"><meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=412, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no\"><script>var jscVersion = 'r20230223';</script><script>var google_casm=[];</script><style>HTML,BODY{height:100%;width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden;}#mys-wrapper{height:100%;width:100%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;align-items:center;display:flex;justify-content:center;line-height:normal;}#mys-overlay{height:100%;width:100%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;box-sizing:border-box;pointer-events:none;z-index:1;display:none;}.mys-wrapper A,.mys-wrapper A:visited,.mys-wrapper A:hover,.mys-wrapper A:active{color:inherit;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:inherit;}[dir=rtl] .flip-on-rtl{transform:scale(-1,1);transform-origin:center;}#mys-content{flex-shrink:0;position:relative;overflow:hidden;z-index:0;}</style><script data-jc=\"36\" data-jc-version=\"r20230223\">(function(){(function(e){function c(){null!==this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.removeChild(this)}e.forEach(function(a){a.hasOwnProperty(\"remove\")||Object.defineProperty(a,\"remove\",{configurable:!0,enumerable:!0,writable:!0,value:c})})})([Element.prototype,CharacterData.prototype,DocumentType.prototype]);try{var d=new window.CustomEvent(\"e\");d.initCustomEvent(\"c\",!0,!0,{});d.preventDefault();if(!0!==d.defaultPrevented)throw Error();}catch(e){var f=function(c,a){a=a||{bubbles:!1,cancelable:!1,detail:void 0};var b=document.createEvent(\"CustomEvent\");b.initCustomEvent(c,a.bubbles,a.cancelable,a.detail);var g=b.preventDefault;b.preventDefault=function(){g.call(this);try{Object.defineProperty(this,\"defaultPrevented\",{get:function(){return!0}})}catch(h){this.defaultPrevented=!0}};return b};f.prototype= window.Event.prototype;window.CustomEvent=f};}).call(this);</script><style x-ns-ej0qs-l=\"tower2-square\" x-phase=\"assemble\">.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square{opacity:.01;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;display:block;width:412px;height:300px;}.ns-ej0qs-e-0{line-height:1.3;display:flex;flex-direction:column;box-sizing:border-box;font-family:\"Google Sans Display\",Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;height:100%;width:100%;}.ns-ej0qs-e-1{line-height:1.3;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;left:0;top:0;overflow:hidden;justify-content:center;}.ns-ej0qs-e-2{line-height:1.3;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:258px;justify-content:space-around;padding:1px;width:412px;}.ns-ej0qs-e-3{line-height:1.3;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;align-items:center;flex-direction:row;justify-content:center;flex-grow:1;}.ns-ej0qs-e-4,.ns-ej0qs-e-9{line-height:1.3;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;align-items:center;flex-direction:row;height:100%;flex-grow:1;position:relative;}.ns-ej0qs-e-5,.ns-ej0qs-e-10{line-height:1.3;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;align-items:center;flex-direction:row;border:1px solid #dfe1e5;overflow:hidden;margin:1px;width:203px;height:254px;}.ns-ej0qs-e-6,.ns-ej0qs-e-11{display:flex;width:201px;height:252px;}.ns-ej0qs-e-7,.ns-ej0qs-e-12{line-height:1.3;box-sizing:border-box;align-items:center;flex-direction:row;overflow:hidden;position:relative;height:100%;width:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center;}.ns-ej0qs-e-8,.ns-ej0qs-e-13{line-height:1.3;box-sizing:border-box;height:252px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:201px;}.ns-ej0qs-e-14{line-height:1.3;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-direction:column;bottom:0;height:42px;padding:2px 4px 4px;text-align:center;width:100%;justify-content:center;}.ns-ej0qs-e-15{display:block;}.ns-ej0qs-e-16{line-height:1.3;box-sizing:border-box;}.ns-ej0qs-e-17{line-height:1.3;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;align-items:center;flex-direction:row;width:100%;}.ns-ej0qs-e-18{display:block;flex-shrink:0;flex-grow:0;height:36px;max-width:100%;}.ns-ej0qs-e-19{line-height:1.3;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-grow:1;padding-left:10px;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.ns-ej0qs-e-20{line-height:1.25em;overflow:hidden;text-align:left;text-overflow:ellipsis;height:20px;max-height:1.5em;}.ns-ej0qs-e-21,.ns-ej0qs-e-23{display:inline;}.ns-ej0qs-e-22{height:16px;line-height:1.45em;letter-spacing:0.25px;min-height:1.3em;max-height:1.5em;text-align:left;}.ns-ej0qs-v-0 .ns-ej0qs-e-20{letter-spacing:0.25px;font-size:16px;}.ns-ej0qs-v-0 .ns-ej0qs-e-22{font-size:11px;display:flex;}</style><style x-ns-ej0qs-l=\"tower2-square\" x-phase=\"decorate\">.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square{opacity:1;position:relative;}.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .tag-animation{animation-name:fade-in;animation-delay:.6s;animation-duration:.48s;animation-fill-mode:forwards;animation-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1);opacity:0;}.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .tag-staggered-animation{animation-name:fade-in;animation-duration:.5s;animation-fill-mode:forwards;animation-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1);opacity:0;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion){.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .tag-staggered-animation{animation-name:none;opacity:1;}}@keyframes fade-in{0%{opacity:0;}100%{opacity:1;}}@supports (-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(4px)) or (backdrop-filter:blur(4px)){.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .price-background{-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(4px);backdrop-filter:blur(4px);background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6);}}@keyframes slide-up-animation{0%{transform:translateY(px);}100%{transform:translateY(0);}}@-webkit-keyframes slide-up-animation{0%{transform:translateY(px);}100%{transform:translateY(0);}}.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .price-overlay-animation{animation-name:slide-up-animation;animation-duration:.4s;animation-fill-mode:both;animation-timing-function:ease-in-out;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion){.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .price-overlay-animation{animation-name:none;}}.product-box:hover{box-shadow:0 1px 2px 0 rgba(60,64,67,0.30),0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60,64,67,0.15);transition:opacity .24s cubic-bezier(0.4,0,0.2,1);}.product-box:hover .price-background{display:block;}.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .darken-blend-image{mix-blend-mode:darken;}@keyframes main-image-opacity-animation{0%,46.7392%{opacity:1;}48.9131%,97.8261%{opacity:0;}100%{opacity:1;}}@-webkit-keyframes main-image-opacity-animation{0%,46.7392%{opacity:1;}48.9131%,97.8261%{opacity:0;}100%{opacity:1;}}.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .product-image-animation{animation:main-image-opacity-animation 10s cubic-bezier(0.0,0.0,0.2,1) 0s 3 forwards;-webkit-animation:main-image-opacity-animation 10s cubic-bezier(0.0,0.0,0.2,1) 0s 3 forwards;}.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .promo-text.with-underline span,.promo-text.with-underline a{background-image:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(57,116,186,.5) 20%,transparent 20%);}.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .promo-text.with-highlight span,.promo-text.with-highlight a{background-image:linear-gradient(0deg,#d2e3fc 50%,transparent 50%);}.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .animation-wrapper .banner-info-and-cta{animation:fadeIn 9s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1) infinite;}.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .animation-wrapper .product-container{animation:fadeOut 9s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1) infinite;}@keyframes fadeIn{0%,50%,90%,100%{opacity:0;}50%,90%{transform:translateY(0);}0%,49%,91%,100%{transform:translateY(300px);}60%,80%{opacity:1;}}@keyframes fadeOut{0%,40%,100%{opacity:1;}50%,90%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(0);}51%,89%{transform:translateY(300px);}}@keyframes fadeInLongerProductTime{0%,60%,90%,100%{opacity:0;}60%,90%{transform:translateY(0);}0%,59%,91%,100%{transform:translateY(300px);}70%,80%{opacity:1;}}@keyframes fadeOutLongerProductTime{0%,50%,100%{opacity:1;}60%,90%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(0);}61%,89%{transform:translateY(300px);}}.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .brand-name-app-store-info-animation-wrapper{animation:hideDiv 9s linear infinite;}.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .brand-name-app-headline{animation:showDiv 9s linear infinite;}.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .animation-wrapper .banner-info-and-cta .brand-name-app-store-info-animation-wrapper{animation:hideDiv 18s linear infinite;}.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .animation-wrapper .banner-info-and-cta .brand-name-app-headline{animation:showDiv 18s linear infinite;}@keyframes hideDiv{0%,45%,100%{opacity:1;}55%,95%{opacity:0;}}@keyframes showDiv{0%,45%,100%{opacity:0;}55%,95%{opacity:1;}}.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .brand-name-app-store-info-animation-wrapper{animation:hideDiv 9s linear infinite;}.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .brand-name-app-headline{animation:showDiv 9s linear infinite;}.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .animation-wrapper .banner-info-and-cta .brand-name-app-store-info-animation-wrapper{animation:hideDiv 18s linear infinite;}.ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square .animation-wrapper .banner-info-and-cta .brand-name-app-headline{animation:showDiv 18s linear infinite;}@keyframes hideDiv{0%,45%,100%{opacity:1;}55%,95%{opacity:0;}}@keyframes showDiv{0%,45%,100%{opacity:0;}55%,95%{opacity:1;}}.ns-ej0qs-e-0{background-color:#fff;}.ns-ej0qs-e-5{background-color:#fff;z-index:1;border-radius:8px 0 0 8px;}.ns-ej0qs-e-7{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;background-color:rgba(139,150,170,255);}.ns-ej0qs-e-8{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:504.00px 297.73px;background-position:-147.74px -20.99px;z-index:2;}.ns-ej0qs-e-10{background-color:#fff;z-index:1;border-radius:0 8px 8px 0;}.ns-ej0qs-e-12{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;background-color:rgba(252,252,252,255);}.ns-ej0qs-e-13{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:327.65px 318.37px;background-position:-61.94px -31.80px;z-index:2;}.ns-ej0qs-e-18{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;background-color:white;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;}.ns-ej0qs-e-19{overflow:visible;text-overflow:unset;}.ns-ej0qs-e-20{color:#202124;font-family:\"Google Sans Display\",\"Google Sans Display\",Arial,sans-serif;overflow:visible;text-overflow:unset;}.ns-ej0qs-e-21,.ns-ej0qs-e-23{white-space:nowrap;}.ns-ej0qs-e-22{color:#80868b;font-family:\"Google Sans Display\",\"Google Sans Display\",Arial,sans-serif;}.ns-ej0qs-e-8{background-image:url(https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/shopping?q=tbn:ANd9GcTBcM-r8xAITm4gsrSmshNIDzzHrFZ6RBPkSLF2IZjwnOixqf12TrVC6Mi-aA&usqp=CAI);}.ns-ej0qs-e-13{background-image:url(https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/shopping?q=tbn:ANd9GcR_iLQgZRC02QRuOTPM_z4JpaUwlKRJ_hdhRJhoR3sbGZTA-l5XHI_kLPO9op4&usqp=CAI);}.ns-ej0qs-e-18{background-image:url(https://tpc.googlesyndication.com/pageadimg/imgad?id=CICAgKD_8vDGrwEQ4QEY4QEyCMzqbOmBlmG2);}</style><link as=\"style\" data-reload-stylesheet=\"true\" href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Google%20Sans%20Display%3A400\" rel=\"preload\"><script>function su(id) {var a = document.getElementById(id);var b = (new Date()).getTime();if (a && a.myt && b) {var t = b - a.myt;if (window.css) {css(id,'clkt',t);return;}var bi = a.href.indexOf(\"&clkt=\");if (bi > 0) {var c = a.href.substring(0, bi+6); var d = a.href.substring(bi+6, a.href.length);var ei = d.indexOf(\"&\");var r = '';if (ei >= 0)r = d.substring(ei, d.length);a.href = c + t + r; } else {a.href += \"&clkt=\" + t;}}}</script><script data-jc=\"55\" data-jc-version=\"r20230223\">(function(){/* Copyright The Closure Library Authors. SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */ 'use strict';var f=this||self;var g,h;a:{for(var k=[\"CLOSURE_FLAGS\"],l=f,n=0;n<k.length;n++)if(l=l[k[n]],null==l){h=null;break a}h=l}var q=h&&h[610401301];g=null!=q?q:!1;var r;const t=f.navigator;r=t?t.userAgentData||null:null;function u(a){return g?r?r.brands.some(({brand:b})=>b&&-1!=b.indexOf(a)):!1:!1}function v(a){var b;a:{if(b=f.navigator)if(b=b.userAgent)break a;b=\"\"}return-1!=b.indexOf(a)};function w(){return g?!!r&&0<r.brands.length:!1}function x(){return w()?u(\"Chromium\"):(v(\"Chrome\")||v(\"CriOS\"))&&!(w()?0:v(\"Edge\"))||v(\"Silk\")};!v(\"Android\")||x();x();v(\"Safari\")&&(x()||(w()?0:v(\"Coast\"))||(w()?0:v(\"Opera\"))||(w()?0:v(\"Edge\"))||(w()?u(\"Microsoft Edge\"):v(\"Edg/\"))||w()&&u(\"Opera\"));var z=class{constructor(a,b){this.g=b===y?a:\"\"}toString(){return this.g.toString()}};z.prototype.h=!0;var y={},A=new z(\"about:invalid#zClosurez\",y);function B(a,b,c){if(Array.isArray(b))for(var d=0;d<b.length;d++)B(a,String(b[d]),c);else null!=b&&c.push(a+(\"\"===b?\"\":\"=\"+encodeURIComponent(String(b))))};/* SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */ class C{constructor(a){this.j=a}}function D(a){return new C(b=>b.substr(0,a.length+1).toLowerCase()===a+\":\")}const E=new C(a=>/^[^:]*([/?#]|$)/.test(a));var F=D(\"http\"),G=D(\"https\"),H=D(\"ftp\"),I=D(\"mailto\");const J=[D(\"data\"),F,G,I,H,E];function K(a,b=J){for(let c=0;c<b.length;++c){const d=b[c];if(d instanceof C&&d.j(a))return new z(a,y)}}function L(a,b=J){return K(a,b)||A};var M=(a,b,c,d,e)=>{if(e)c=a+(\"&\"+b+\"=\"+c);else{var p=\"&\"+b+\"=\",m=a.indexOf(p);0>m?c=a+p+c:(m+=p.length,p=a.indexOf(\"&\",m),c=0<=p?a.substring(0,m)+c+a.substring(p):a.substring(0,m)+c)}m=parseInt(window.sumhl,10);return c.length>(0<m?m:2E3)?void 0!==d?M(a,b,d,void 0,e):a:c};var N=window;const O=[F,G,I,H,E,D(\"market\"),D(\"itms\"),D(\"intent\"),D(\"itms-appss\")]; var P=()=>{var a=`${\"http:\"===N.location.protocol?\"http:\":\"https:\"}//${\"pagead2.googlesyndication.com\"}/pagead/gen_204`;return b=>{b={id:\"unsafeurl\",ctx:600,url:b};var c=[];for(d in b)B(d,b[d],c);var d=c.join(\"&\");if(d){b=a.indexOf(\"#\");0>b&&(b=a.length);c=a.indexOf(\"?\");if(0>c||c>b){c=b;var e=\"\"}else e=a.substring(c+1,b);b=[a.slice(0,c),e,a.slice(b)];c=b[1];b[1]=d?c?c+\"&\"+d:d:c;d=b[0]+(b[1]?\"?\"+b[1]:\"\")+b[2]}else d=a;navigator.sendBeacon&&navigator.sendBeacon(d,\"\")}};let Q=null;function R(){const a=f.performance;return a&&a.now&&a.timing?Math.floor(a.now()+a.timing.navigationStart):Date.now()}function S(){const a=f.performance;return a&&a.now?a.now():null};class T{constructor(a,b){var c=S()||R();this.label=a;this.type=b;this.value=c;this.duration=0;this.uniqueId=Math.random();this.taskId=this.slotId=void 0}};const U=f.performance,V=!!(U&&U.mark&&U.measure&&U.clearMarks),W=function(a){let b=!1,c;return function(){b||(c=a(),b=!0);return c}}(()=>{var a;if(a=V){var b;if(null===Q){Q=\"\";try{a=\"\";try{a=f.top.location.hash}catch(c){a=f.location.hash}a&&(Q=(b=a.match(/\\bdeid=([\\d,]+)/))?b[1]:\"\")}catch(c){}}b=Q;a=!!b.indexOf&&0<=b.indexOf(\"1337\")}return a});function aa(a){a&&U&&W()&&(U.clearMarks(`goog_${a.label}_${a.uniqueId}_start`),U.clearMarks(`goog_${a.label}_${a.uniqueId}_end`))} class ba{constructor(){var a=window;this.g=[];this.i=a||f;let b=null;a&&(a.google_js_reporting_queue=a.google_js_reporting_queue||[],this.g=a.google_js_reporting_queue,b=a.google_measure_js_timing);this.h=W()||(null!=b?b:1>Math.random())}start(a,b){if(!this.h)return null;a=new T(a,b);b=`goog_${a.label}_${a.uniqueId}_start`;U&&W()&&U.mark(b);return a}end(a){if(this.h&&\"number\"===typeof a.value){a.duration=(S()||R())-a.value;var b=`goog_${a.label}_${a.uniqueId}_end`;U&&W()&&U.mark(b);!this.h||2048< this.g.length||this.g.push(a)}}};const X=new ba;var Y=()=>{window.google_measure_js_timing||(X.h=!1,X.g!=X.i.google_js_reporting_queue&&(W()&&Array.prototype.forEach.call(X.g,aa,void 0),X.g.length=0))};\"number\"!==typeof window.google_srt&&(window.google_srt=Math.random());if(\"complete\"==window.document.readyState)Y();else if(X.h){var ca=()=>{Y()},Z=window;Z.addEventListener&&Z.addEventListener.call(Z,\"load\",ca,!1)};window.bgz=a=>{if(a=document.getElementById(a)){var b=M(a.href,\"bg\",\"10\");var c=P();if(!(b instanceof z)){var d=L(b,O);d===A&&c(b);b=d}if(b instanceof z)var e=b;else if(b instanceof z)e=b;else{b=\"object\"==typeof b&&b.h?b.g.toString():String(b);b:{try{e=new URL(b)}catch(p){e=\"https:\";break b}e=e.protocol}\"javascript:\"===e&&(b=\"about:invalid#zClosurez\");e=new z(b,y)}a.href=e instanceof z&&e.constructor===z?e.g:\"type_error:SafeUrl\"}};}).call(this);</script><script data-jc=\"53\" data-jc-version=\"r20230223\">(function(){/* Copyright The Closure Library Authors. SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */ 'use strict';var k=this||self;function aa(a,b){function c(){}c.prototype=b.prototype;a.m=b.prototype;a.prototype=new c;a.prototype.constructor=a;a.l=function(d,e,f){for(var r=Array(arguments.length-2),h=2;h<arguments.length;h++)r[h-2]=arguments[h];return b.prototype[e].apply(d,r)}};var l,m;a:{for(var t=[\"CLOSURE_FLAGS\"],u=k,v=0;v<t.length;v++)if(u=u[t[v]],null==u){m=null;break a}m=u}var w=m&&m[610401301];l=null!=w?w:!1;var x;const y=k.navigator;x=y?y.userAgentData||null:null;function z(a){return l?x?x.brands.some(({brand:b})=>b&&-1!=b.indexOf(a)):!1:!1}function A(a){var b;a:{if(b=k.navigator)if(b=b.userAgent)break a;b=\"\"}return-1!=b.indexOf(a)};function C(){return l?!!x&&0<x.brands.length:!1}function D(){return C()?z(\"Chromium\"):(A(\"Chrome\")||A(\"CriOS\"))&&!(C()?0:A(\"Edge\"))||A(\"Silk\")};!A(\"Android\")||D();D();A(\"Safari\")&&(D()||(C()?0:A(\"Coast\"))||(C()?0:A(\"Opera\"))||(C()?0:A(\"Edge\"))||(C()?z(\"Microsoft Edge\"):A(\"Edg/\"))||C()&&z(\"Opera\"));function E(a){let b=!1,c;return function(){b||(c=a(),b=!0);return c}};var ba={capture:!0},ca=E(function(){let a=!1;try{const b=Object.defineProperty({},\"passive\",{get:function(){a=!0}});k.addEventListener(\"test\",null,b)}catch(b){}return a});function F(a,b,c,d){if(a.addEventListener){var e=a.addEventListener;d=d?d.passive&&ca()?d:d.capture||!1:!1;e.call(a,b,c,d)}};function G(a,b){if(!a||!b)return!1;if(a.contains&&1==b.nodeType)return a==b||a.contains(b);if(\"undefined\"!=typeof a.compareDocumentPosition)return a==b||!!(a.compareDocumentPosition(b)&16);for(;b&&a!=b;)b=b.parentNode;return b==a};var H=document;let I=null;function da(){const a=k.performance;return a&&a.now&&a.timing?Math.floor(a.now()+a.timing.navigationStart):Date.now()}function ea(){const a=k.performance;return a&&a.now?a.now():null};class fa{constructor(a,b){var c=ea()||da();this.label=a;this.type=b;this.value=c;this.duration=0;this.uniqueId=Math.random();this.taskId=this.slotId=void 0}};const J=k.performance,ha=!!(J&&J.mark&&J.measure&&J.clearMarks),K=E(()=>{var a;if(a=ha){var b;if(null===I){I=\"\";try{a=\"\";try{a=k.top.location.hash}catch(c){a=k.location.hash}a&&(I=(b=a.match(/\\bdeid=([\\d,]+)/))?b[1]:\"\")}catch(c){}}b=I;a=!!b.indexOf&&0<=b.indexOf(\"1337\")}return a});function ia(a){a&&J&&K()&&(J.clearMarks(`goog_${a.label}_${a.uniqueId}_start`),J.clearMarks(`goog_${a.label}_${a.uniqueId}_end`))} class ja{constructor(){var a=window;this.g=[];this.j=a||k;let b=null;a&&(a.google_js_reporting_queue=a.google_js_reporting_queue||[],this.g=a.google_js_reporting_queue,b=a.google_measure_js_timing);this.h=K()||(null!=b?b:1>Math.random())}start(a,b){if(!this.h)return null;a=new fa(a,b);b=`goog_${a.label}_${a.uniqueId}_start`;J&&K()&&J.mark(b);return a}end(a){if(this.h&&\"number\"===typeof a.value){a.duration=(ea()||da())-a.value;var b=`goog_${a.label}_${a.uniqueId}_end`;J&&K()&&J.mark(b);!this.h||2048< this.g.length||this.g.push(a)}}};function ka(){};const L=new ja;var la=()=>{window.google_measure_js_timing||(L.h=!1,L.g!=L.j.google_js_reporting_queue&&(K()&&Array.prototype.forEach.call(L.g,ia,void 0),L.g.length=0))};\"number\"!==typeof window.google_srt&&(window.google_srt=Math.random());\"complete\"==window.document.readyState?la():L.h&&F(window,\"load\",()=>{la()});var M=(a,b,c,d,e)=>{window.css?window.css(b,c,d,e,void 0):a&&(b=a.href,e?d=b+(\"&\"+c+\"=\"+d):(e=\"&\"+c+\"=\",c=b.indexOf(e),0>c?d=b+e+d:(c+=e.length,e=b.indexOf(\"&\",c),d=0<=e?b.substring(0,c)+d+b.substring(e):b.substring(0,c)+d)),c=parseInt(window.sumhl,10),a.href=d.length>(0<c?c:2E3)?b:d)};let ma=!1,na=!1,oa=null;const pa=()=>{F?.(document,\"click\",a=>{oa=a},ba)};var qa=()=>{const a=oa;return a?ma||na?!1:(a.preventDefault?a.preventDefault():a.returnValue=!1,!0):!1},ra=()=>{F(document,\"mousedown\",()=>{ma=!0});F(document,\"keydown\",()=>{na=!0});pa()};var sa=(a,b=17)=>{if(0>b||Math.floor(b)!==b)b=17;N(a,b)},ta=(a,b)=>{N(a,b||1)},ua=a=>{N(a,2)},va=(a,b)=>{N(a,b||0)};let O={},P=!0;const N=(a,b)=>{var c;if(c=P)void 0===O[a]&&(O[a]=[]),(c=O[a][b])||(O[a][b]=!0);c||M(document.getElementById(a),a,\"nb\",b,P)};function Q(a,b,c){const d=a.id||\"\";M(a,d,\"nx\",b);M(a,d,\"ny\",c)}var wa=class{constructor(){this.g=this.h=null;H.addEventListener&&H.addEventListener(\"mousedown\",a=>{this.h=a},!0);F(H,\"DOMContentLoaded\",()=>{this.g=H.getElementById(\"common_15click_anchor\")})}};const xa=[0,2,1];let ya=null;var za=a=>{if(a){var b;{const c=window.event||ya;c?((b=c.which?1<<xa[c.which-1]:c.button)&&c.shiftKey&&(b|=8),b&&c.altKey&&(b|=16),b&&c.ctrlKey&&(b|=32)):b=null}b&&M(a,a.id,\"mb\",b)}};document.addEventListener&&document.addEventListener(\"mousedown\",a=>{ya=a},!0);window.mb=za;var R={},Aa=(a,b=2,c=\"\")=>{c=c?c:a;1!==b&&(void 0===R[c]?R[c]=1:R[c]++);0!==b&&R[c]&&M(document.getElementById(a),a,\"nm\",R[c])};var S=\"closure_listenable_\"+(1E6*Math.random()|0);var Ba=0;function Ca(a,b,c,d,e){this.listener=a;this.proxy=null;this.src=b;this.type=c;this.capture=!!d;this.h=e;this.key=++Ba;this.g=this.i=!1}function T(a){a.g=!0;a.listener=null;a.proxy=null;a.src=null;a.h=null};function V(a){this.src=a;this.g={};this.h=0}V.prototype.add=function(a,b,c,d,e){var f=a.toString();a=this.g[f];a||(a=this.g[f]=[],this.h++);var r=W(a,b,d,e);-1<r?(b=a[r],c||(b.i=!1)):(b=new Ca(b,this.src,f,!!d,e),b.i=c,a.push(b));return b};function Da(a,b){var c=b.type;if(c in a.g){var d=a.g[c],e=Array.prototype.indexOf.call(d,b,void 0),f;(f=0<=e)&&Array.prototype.splice.call(d,e,1);f&&(T(b),0==a.g[c].length&&(delete a.g[c],a.h--))}} function W(a,b,c,d){for(var e=0;e<a.length;++e){var f=a[e];if(!f.g&&f.listener==b&&f.capture==!!c&&f.h==d)return e}return-1};var Ea=\"closure_lm_\"+(1E6*Math.random()|0),X={},Fa=0; function Ga(a,b,c,d,e){if(Array.isArray(b))for(var f=0;f<b.length;f++)Ga(a,b[f],c,d,e);else(f=typeof d,d=\"object\"==f&&null!=d||\"function\"==f?!!d.capture:!!d,c=Ha(c),a&&a[S])?(a=a.g,b=String(b).toString(),b in a.g&&(f=a.g[b],c=W(f,c,d,e),-1<c&&(T(f[c]),Array.prototype.splice.call(f,c,1),0==f.length&&(delete a.g[b],a.h--)))):a&&(a=Ia(a))&&(b=a.g[b.toString()],a=-1,b&&(a=W(b,c,d,e)),(c=-1<a?b[a]:null)&&\"number\"!==typeof c&&c&&!c.g&&((e=c.src)&&e[S]?Da(e.g,c):(d=c.type,b=c.proxy,e.removeEventListener? e.removeEventListener(d,b,c.capture):e.detachEvent?e.detachEvent(d in X?X[d]:X[d]=\"on\"+d,b):e.addListener&&e.removeListener&&e.removeListener(b),Fa--,(d=Ia(e))?(Da(d,c),0==d.h&&(d.src=null,e[Ea]=null)):T(c))))}function Ia(a){a=a[Ea];return a instanceof V?a:null}var Y=\"__closure_events_fn_\"+(1E9*Math.random()>>>0);function Ha(a){if(\"function\"===typeof a)return a;a[Y]||(a[Y]=function(b){return a.handleEvent(b)});return a[Y]};function Z(){this.g=new V(this)}aa(Z,ka);Z.prototype[S]=!0;Z.prototype.removeEventListener=function(a,b,c,d){Ga(this,a,b,c,d)};class Ja extends Z{};class Ka extends Ja{};function La(a,b){b&&(new Ka).g.add(\"became-visible\",()=>{a.g=(new Date).getTime()},!1,void 0,void 0)}var Ma=class{constructor(){this.g=0}};window.init_ssb=(a,b,c,d,e,f,r)=>{const h=window;a&&(ra(),h.accbk=qa);b&&(f&&(P=!1),h.cla=sa,h.cll=ta,h.clb=ua,h.clh=va);if(c){const q=new wa;h.xy=(g,U,p)=>{p=p||U;const B=g||q.h;if(B&&U&&p&&!G(q.g,B.target)){g=H.querySelector(\"a.one-point-five-click.rhbutton\");var n;(n=!g)||(g.classList?n=g.classList.contains(\"preexpanded\"):(n=g.classList?g.classList:(\"string\"==typeof g.className?g.className:g.getAttribute&&g.getAttribute(\"class\")||\"\").match(/\\S+/g)||[],n=0<=Array.prototype.indexOf.call(n,\"preexpanded\", void 0)));if(n||!G(g,B.target))n=Math.round(B.clientX-p.offsetLeft),p=Math.round(B.clientY-p.offsetTop),Q(U,n,p),q.g&&Q(q.g,n,p),g&&Q(g,n,p)}}}d&&(h.mb=za);e&&(h.ss=Aa);if(r){const q=new Ma;h.vti=g=>{g&&(0===q.g?M(g,g.id,\"vti\",\"\"):M(g,g.id,\"vti\",(new Date).getTime()-q.g))};h.ivti=g=>{La(q,g)}}};}).call(this);</script><script>init_ssb(false,true,true,true,true,false,false);</script><script>if (typeof(ss) === \"undefined\") { ss = function(){}; }function st(id) {var a = document.getElementById(id);if (a) {a.myt = (new Date()).getTime();xy(window.event, a);mb(a);}bgz(id);}function ha(a,x){ clh(a,x);su(a);bgz(a);}function hb(u) {return bgy(u);}function ia(a,e,x) {cll(a,x);su(a);bgz(a);}function ja(a,x) {cla(a,x);su(a);bgz(a);}function ga(o,e,x) {if (document.getElementById) {var a=o.id.substring(1),p=\"\",r=\"\",g=e.target,t,f,h;if (g) {t=g.id;f=g.parentNode;if (f) {p=f.id;h=f.parentNode;if (h)r=h.id;}} else {h=e.srcElement;f=h.parentNode;if (f)p=f.id;t=h.id;}if (t==a||p==a||r==a)return true;ia(a,e,x);top.location.href=document.getElementById(a).href;}}</script><script>window.dicnf = {};</script><script data-jc=\"40\" data-jc-version=\"r20230223\" data-jc-flags=\"[&quot;x%278446&#39;9efotm(&amp;20067;&gt;8&amp;&gt;`dopb/%&lt;1732261!=|vqc)!7201061?&#39;9efotmy&quot;]\">(function(){/* Copyright The Closure Library Authors. SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */ 'use strict';var p=this||self;var aa,t;a:{for(var ba=[\"CLOSURE_FLAGS\"],u=p,ca=0;ca<ba.length;ca++)if(u=u[ba[ca]],null==u){t=null;break a}t=u}var da=t&&t[610401301];aa=null!=da?da:!1;var v;const ea=p.navigator;v=ea?ea.userAgentData||null:null;function fa(a){return aa?v?v.brands.some(({brand:b})=>b&&-1!=b.indexOf(a)):!1:!1}function w(a){var b;a:{if(b=p.navigator)if(b=b.userAgent)break a;b=\"\"}return-1!=b.indexOf(a)};function A(){return aa?!!v&&0<v.brands.length:!1}function ha(){return A()?fa(\"Chromium\"):(w(\"Chrome\")||w(\"CriOS\"))&&!(A()?0:w(\"Edge\"))||w(\"Silk\")};function ia(a){ia[\" \"](a);return a}ia[\" \"]=function(){};var ja=A()?!1:w(\"Trident\")||w(\"MSIE\");!w(\"Android\")||ha();ha();w(\"Safari\")&&(ha()||(A()?0:w(\"Coast\"))||(A()?0:w(\"Opera\"))||(A()?0:w(\"Edge\"))||(A()?fa(\"Microsoft Edge\"):w(\"Edg/\"))||A()&&fa(\"Opera\"));var ka={},B=null; function la(a,b){void 0===b&&(b=0);if(!B){B={};for(var c=\"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789\".split(\"\"),d=[\"+/=\",\"+/\",\"-_=\",\"-_.\",\"-_\"],f=0;5>f;f++){var e=c.concat(d[f].split(\"\"));ka[f]=e;for(var g=0;g<e.length;g++){var h=e[g];void 0===B[h]&&(B[h]=g)}}}b=ka[b];c=Array(Math.floor(a.length/3));d=b[64]||\"\";for(f=e=0;e<a.length-2;e+=3){var k=a[e],l=a[e+1];h=a[e+2];g=b[k>>2];k=b[(k&3)<<4|l>>4];l=b[(l&15)<<2|h>>6];h=b[h&63];c[f++]=g+k+l+h}g=0;h=d;switch(a.length-e){case 2:g= a[e+1],h=b[(g&15)<<2]||d;case 1:a=a[e],c[f]=b[a>>2]+b[(a&3)<<4|g>>4]+h+d}return c.join(\"\")};var ma=\"undefined\"!==typeof Uint8Array;const na=!ja&&\"function\"===typeof p.btoa;const D=Symbol();function oa(a,b){if(D)return a[D]|=b;if(void 0!==a.s)return a.s|=b;Object.defineProperties(a,{s:{value:b,configurable:!0,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}});return b}function E(a){let b;D?b=a[D]:b=a.s;return null==b?0:b}function F(a,b){D?a[D]=b:void 0!==a.s?a.s=b:Object.defineProperties(a,{s:{value:b,configurable:!0,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}})};var pa={};function qa(a){return null!==a&&\"object\"===typeof a&&!Array.isArray(a)&&a.constructor===Object}let va;var G;const wa=[];F(wa,23);G=Object.freeze(wa);function xa(a){var b=a.length;(b=b?a[b-1]:void 0)&&qa(b)?b.g=1:a.push({g:1})};function ya(a){const b=a.l+a.i;return a.h||(a.h=a.m[b]={})}function H(a,b,c){if(E(a.m)&2)throw Error();return za(a,b,c)}function za(a,b,c){a.o&&(a.o=void 0);if(b>=a.l)return ya(a)[b]=c,a;a.m[b+a.i]=c;(c=a.h)&&b in c&&delete c[b];return a};let Aa;function Ba(a){switch(typeof a){case \"number\":return isFinite(a)?a:String(a);case \"object\":if(a)if(Array.isArray(a)){if(0!==(E(a)&128))return a=Array.prototype.slice.call(a),xa(a),a}else if(ma&&null!=a&&a instanceof Uint8Array){if(na){for(var b=\"\";10240<a.length;)b+=String.fromCharCode.apply(null,a.subarray(0,10240)),a=a.subarray(10240);b+=String.fromCharCode.apply(null,a);a=btoa(b)}else a=la(a);return a}}return a};function Ca(a,b,c,d){if(null!=a){if(Array.isArray(a))a=Da(a,b,c,void 0!==d);else if(qa(a)){const f={};for(let e in a)f[e]=Ca(a[e],b,c,d);a=f}else a=b(a,d);return a}}function Da(a,b,c,d){const f=E(a);d=d?!!(f&16):void 0;a=Array.prototype.slice.call(a);for(let e=0;e<a.length;e++)a[e]=Ca(a[e],b,c,d);c(f,a);return a}function Ea(a){return a.B===pa?a.toJSON():Ba(a)}function Fa(a,b){a&128&&xa(b)};var I=class{constructor(a,b){var c=void 0;null==c&&(c=Aa);Aa=void 0;var d=this.constructor.h;if(null==c){c=d?[d]:[];var f=!0;F(c,48)}else{if(!Array.isArray(c))throw Error();if(d&&d!==c[0])throw Error();var e=oa(c,0)|32;f=0!==(16&e);if(128&e)throw Error();F(c,e)}this.i=d?0:-1;this.j=void 0;this.m=c;a:{e=this.m.length;d=e-1;if(e&&(e=this.m[d],qa(e))){this.h=e;this.l=d-this.i;break a}void 0!==a&&-1<a?(this.l=Math.max(a,d+1-this.i),this.h=void 0):this.l=Number.MAX_VALUE}if(this.h&&\"g\"in this.h)throw Error('Unexpected \"g\" flag in sparse object of message that is not a group type.'); if(b){a=f&&!0;f=this.l;let h;for(d=0;d<b.length;d++)if(e=b[d],e<f){e+=this.i;var g=c[e];g?Ga(g,a):c[e]=G}else h||(h=ya(this)),(g=h[e])?Ga(g,a):h[e]=G}}toJSON(){const a=this.m;return va?a:Da(a,Ea,Fa)}};function Ga(a,b){if(Array.isArray(a)){var c=E(a),d=1;!b||c&2||(d|=16);(c&d)!==d&&F(a,c|d)}}I.prototype.B=pa;I.prototype.toString=function(){return this.m.toString()};function Ha(a,b){return Ba(b)};var J=class{constructor(a,b=!1){this.key=a;this.defaultValue=b;this.valueType=\"boolean\"}};var Ia=new J(\"100000\"),Ja=new J(\"45368259\"),Ka=new J(\"45357156\",!0),La=new J(\"45350890\");var K=(a,b)=>\"&adurl=\"==a.substring(a.length-7)?a.substring(0,a.length-7)+b+\"&adurl=\":a+b;let L=p.dicnf||{};function N(a,b,c){a.addEventListener&&a.addEventListener(b,c,!1)}function Ma(a,b,c){a.removeEventListener&&a.removeEventListener(b,c,!1)};var Na=RegExp(\"^(?:([^:/?#.]+):)?(?://(?:([^\\\\\\\\/?#]*)@)?([^\\\\\\\\/?#]*?)(?::([0-9]+))?(?=[\\\\\\\\/?#]|$))?([^?#]+)?(?:\\\\?([^#]*))?(?:#([\\\\s\\\\S]*))?$\"),Oa=/#|$/;function Pa(){if(!globalThis.crypto)return Math.random();try{const a=new Uint32Array(1);globalThis.crypto.getRandomValues(a);return a[0]/65536/65536}catch{return Math.random()}}function Qa(a,b){if(a)for(const c in a)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(a,c)&&b(a[c],c,a)}let O=[];const Ra=()=>{const a=O;O=[];for(const b of a)try{b()}catch{}}; var Sa=(a,b)=>{\"complete\"===a.readyState||\"interactive\"===a.readyState?(O.push(b),1==O.length&&(window.Promise?Promise.resolve().then(Ra):window.setImmediate?setImmediate(Ra):setTimeout(Ra,0))):a.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",b)};function Ta(a=document){return a.createElement(\"img\")};function P(a,b,c=null,d=!1,f=!1){Ua(a,b,c,d,f)}function Ua(a,b,c,d,f=!1){a.google_image_requests||(a.google_image_requests=[]);const e=Ta(a.document);if(c||d){const g=h=>{c&&c(h);if(d){h=a.google_image_requests;const k=Array.prototype.indexOf.call(h,e,void 0);0<=k&&Array.prototype.splice.call(h,k,1)}Ma(e,\"load\",g);Ma(e,\"error\",g)};N(e,\"load\",g);N(e,\"error\",g)}f&&(e.attributionSrc=\"\");e.src=b;a.google_image_requests.push(e)};let Va=0;function Wa(a,b=null){return b&&b.getAttribute(\"data-jc\")===String(a)?b:document.querySelector(`[${\"data-jc\"}=\"${a}\"]`)};function Q(a){Xa||(Xa=new bb);const b=Xa.h[a.key];if(\"proto\"===a.valueType){try{const c=JSON.parse(b);if(Array.isArray(c))return c}catch(c){}return a.defaultValue}return typeof b===typeof a.defaultValue?b:a.defaultValue}var cb=class{constructor(){this.h={}}};var bb=class extends cb{constructor(){super();var a=Wa(Va,document.currentScript);a=a&&a.getAttribute(\"data-jc-flags\")||\"\";try{const b=JSON.parse(a)[0];a=\"\";for(let c=0;c<b.length;c++)a+=String.fromCharCode(b.charCodeAt(c)^\"\\u0003\\u0007\\u0003\\u0007\\b\\u0004\\u0004\\u0006\\u0005\\u0003\".charCodeAt(c%10));this.h=JSON.parse(a)}catch(b){}}},Xa;class db{constructor(a,b){this.error=a;this.context=b.context;this.msg=b.message||\"\";this.id=b.id||\"jserror\";this.meta={}}};const eb=RegExp(\"^https?://(\\\\w|-)+\\\\.cdn\\\\.ampproject\\\\.(net|org)(\\\\?|/|$)\");var fb=class{constructor(a,b){this.h=a;this.i=b}},gb=class{constructor(a,b){this.url=a;this.A=!!b;this.depth=null}};function R(a,b){const c={};c[a]=b;return[c]}function hb(a,b,c,d,f){const e=[];Qa(a,function(g,h){(g=ib(g,b,c,d,f))&&e.push(h+\"=\"+g)});return e.join(b)} function ib(a,b,c,d,f){if(null==a)return\"\";b=b||\"&\";c=c||\",$\";\"string\"==typeof c&&(c=c.split(\"\"));if(a instanceof Array){if(d=d||0,d<c.length){const e=[];for(let g=0;g<a.length;g++)e.push(ib(a[g],b,c,d+1,f));return e.join(c[d])}}else if(\"object\"==typeof a)return f=f||0,2>f?encodeURIComponent(hb(a,b,c,d,f+1)):\"...\";return encodeURIComponent(String(a))}function jb(a){let b=1;for(const c in a.i)b=c.length>b?c.length:b;return 3997-b-a.j.length-1} function kb(a,b){let c=\"https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com\"+b,d=jb(a)-b.length;if(0>d)return\"\";a.h.sort(function(e,g){return e-g});b=null;let f=\"\";for(let e=0;e<a.h.length;e++){const g=a.h[e],h=a.i[g];for(let k=0;k<h.length;k++){if(!d){b=null==b?g:b;break}let l=hb(h[k],a.j,\",$\");if(l){l=f+l;if(d>=l.length){d-=l.length;c+=l;f=a.j;break}b=null==b?g:b}}}a=\"\";null!=b&&(a=f+\"trn=\"+b);return c+a}class lb{constructor(){this.j=\"&\";this.i={};this.l=0;this.h=[]}};function mb(){var a=S,b=window.google_srt;0<=b&&1>=b&&(a.h=b)}function nb(a,b,c,d=!1,f,e){if((d?a.h:Math.random())<(f||.01))try{let g;c instanceof lb?g=c:(g=new lb,Qa(c,(k,l)=>{var n=g;const m=n.l++;k=R(l,k);n.h.push(m);n.i[m]=k}));const h=kb(g,\"/pagead/gen_204?id=\"+b+\"&\");h&&(\"undefined\"!==typeof e?P(p,h,e):P(p,h))}catch(g){}}class ob{constructor(){this.h=Math.random()}};let T=null;function pb(){const a=p.performance;return a&&a.now&&a.timing?Math.floor(a.now()+a.timing.navigationStart):Date.now()}function qb(){const a=p.performance;return a&&a.now?a.now():null};class rb{constructor(a,b){var c=qb()||pb();this.label=a;this.type=b;this.value=c;this.duration=0;this.uniqueId=Math.random();this.taskId=this.slotId=void 0}};const U=p.performance,sb=!!(U&&U.mark&&U.measure&&U.clearMarks),V=function(a){let b=!1,c;return function(){b||(c=a(),b=!0);return c}}(()=>{var a;if(a=sb){var b;if(null===T){T=\"\";try{a=\"\";try{a=p.top.location.hash}catch(c){a=p.location.hash}a&&(T=(b=a.match(/\\bdeid=([\\d,]+)/))?b[1]:\"\")}catch(c){}}b=T;a=!!b.indexOf&&0<=b.indexOf(\"1337\")}return a});function tb(a){a&&U&&V()&&(U.clearMarks(`goog_${a.label}_${a.uniqueId}_start`),U.clearMarks(`goog_${a.label}_${a.uniqueId}_end`))} class ub{constructor(){var a=window;this.i=[];this.j=a||p;let b=null;a&&(a.google_js_reporting_queue=a.google_js_reporting_queue||[],this.i=a.google_js_reporting_queue,b=a.google_measure_js_timing);this.h=V()||(null!=b?b:1>Math.random())}start(a,b){if(!this.h)return null;a=new rb(a,b);b=`goog_${a.label}_${a.uniqueId}_start`;U&&V()&&U.mark(b);return a}end(a){if(this.h&&\"number\"===typeof a.value){a.duration=(qb()||pb())-a.value;var b=`goog_${a.label}_${a.uniqueId}_end`;U&&V()&&U.mark(b);!this.h||2048< this.i.length||this.i.push(a)}}};function vb(a){let b=a.toString();a.name&&-1==b.indexOf(a.name)&&(b+=\": \"+a.name);a.message&&-1==b.indexOf(a.message)&&(b+=\": \"+a.message);if(a.stack){a=a.stack;var c=b;try{-1==a.indexOf(c)&&(a=c+\"\\n\"+a);let d;for(;a!=d;)d=a,a=a.replace(RegExp(\"((https?:/..*/)[^/:]*:\\\\d+(?:.|\\n)*)\\\\2\"),\"$1\");b=a.replace(RegExp(\"\\n *\",\"g\"),\"\\n\")}catch(d){b=c}}return b} function wb(a,b,c,d){let f,e;try{a.h&&a.h.h?(e=a.h.start(b.toString(),3),f=c(),a.h.end(e)):f=c()}catch(g){c=!0;try{tb(e),c=a.v(b,new db(g,{message:vb(g)}),void 0,d)}catch(h){a.l(217,h)}if(c)window.console?.error?.(g);else throw g;}return f}function xb(a,b,c,d){var f=W;return(...e)=>wb(f,a,()=>b.apply(c,e),d)} class yb{constructor(a=null){this.o=S;this.i=null;this.v=this.l;this.h=a;this.j=!1}l(a,b,c,d,f){f=f||\"jserror\";let e;try{const x=new lb;var g=x;g.h.push(1);g.i[1]=R(\"context\",a);b.error&&b.meta&&b.id||(b=new db(b,{message:vb(b)}));if(b.msg){g=x;var h=b.msg.substring(0,512);g.h.push(2);g.i[2]=R(\"msg\",h)}var k=b.meta||{};b=k;if(this.i)try{this.i(b)}catch(y){}if(d)try{d(b)}catch(y){}d=x;k=[k];d.h.push(3);d.i[3]=k;d=p;k=[];let Z;b=null;do{var l=d;try{var n;if(n=!!l&&null!=l.location.href)b:{try{ia(l.foo); n=!0;break b}catch(y){}n=!1}var m=n}catch{m=!1}m?(Z=l.location.href,b=l.document&&l.document.referrer||null):(Z=b,b=null);k.push(new gb(Z||\"\"));try{d=l.parent}catch(y){d=null}}while(d&&l!=d);for(let y=0,Ya=k.length-1;y<=Ya;++y)k[y].depth=Ya-y;l=p;if(l.location&&l.location.ancestorOrigins&&l.location.ancestorOrigins.length==k.length-1)for(m=1;m<k.length;++m){var q=k[m];q.url||(q.url=l.location.ancestorOrigins[m-1]||\"\",q.A=!0)}var r=k;let ra=new gb(p.location.href,!1);l=null;const sa=r.length-1;for(q= sa;0<=q;--q){var z=r[q];!l&&eb.test(z.url)&&(l=z);if(z.url&&!z.A){ra=z;break}}z=null;const Jb=r.length&&r[sa].url;0!=ra.depth&&Jb&&(z=r[sa]);e=new fb(ra,z);if(e.i){r=x;var C=e.i.url||\"\";r.h.push(4);r.i[4]=R(\"top\",C)}var ta={url:e.h.url||\"\"};if(e.h.url){var ua=e.h.url.match(Na),M=ua[1],Za=ua[3],$a=ua[4];C=\"\";M&&(C+=M+\":\");Za&&(C+=\"//\",C+=Za,$a&&(C+=\":\"+$a));var ab=C}else ab=\"\";M=x;ta=[ta,{url:ab}];M.h.push(5);M.i[5]=ta;nb(this.o,f,x,this.j,c)}catch(x){try{nb(this.o,f,{context:\"ecmserr\",rctx:a,msg:vb(x), url:e&&e.h.url},this.j,c)}catch(Z){}}return!0}};var zb=a=>{var b=\"u\";if(a.u&&a.hasOwnProperty(b))return a.u;b=new a;return a.u=b};class Ab{};let S,W;const X=new ub;var Bb=()=>{window.google_measure_js_timing||(X.h=!1,X.i!=X.j.google_js_reporting_queue&&(V()&&Array.prototype.forEach.call(X.i,tb,void 0),X.i.length=0))};(a=>{S=a??new ob;\"number\"!==typeof window.google_srt&&(window.google_srt=Math.random());mb();W=new yb(X);W.i=b=>{var c=Va;0!==c&&(b.jc=String(c),c=(c=Wa(c,document.currentScript))&&c.getAttribute(\"data-jc-version\")||\"unknown\",b.shv=c)};W.j=!0;\"complete\"==window.document.readyState?Bb():X.h&&N(window,\"load\",()=>{Bb()})})(); var Cb=(a,b,c,d)=>xb(a,b,c,d),Db=(a,b,c,d)=>{zb(Ab);var f=[];!b.eid&&f.length&&(b.eid=f.toString());nb(S,a,b,!0,c,d)};const Eb=[\"FRAME\",\"IMG\",\"IFRAME\"],Fb=/^[01](px)?$/;function Gb(a){return\"string\"===typeof a?document.getElementById(a):a}function Hb(a){return\"IMG\"!=a.tagName||!a.complete||a.naturalWidth&&a.naturalHeight?Fb.test(a.getAttribute(\"width\"))&&Fb.test(a.getAttribute(\"height\")):!0} function Ib(a,b){var c;if(a=Gb(a)){c||(c=(m,q,r)=>{m.addEventListener(q,r)});var d=!1,f=m=>{d||(d=!0,b(m))};for(var e=0;e<Eb.length;++e)if(Eb[e]==a.tagName){var g=3;var h=[a];break}h||(h=a.querySelectorAll(Eb.join(\",\")),g=2);var k=0,l=0;a=!1;for(e=0;e<h.length;e++){const m=h[e];if(!Hb(m)){if(\"IMG\"==m.tagName)var n=m.naturalWidth&&m.naturalHeight?!0:!1;else try{n=\"complete\"===(m.readyState?m.readyState:m.contentWindow&&m.contentWindow.document&&m.contentWindow.document.readyState)?!0:!1}catch(q){n= !1}if(n)a=!0;else{k++;const q=\"IMG\"===m.tagName,r=()=>{k--;k||f(g);q&&l--};c(m,\"load\",r);q&&(l++,c(m,\"error\",r))}}}h=null;if(0===k&&!a&&\"complete\"===p.document.readyState)g=5;else if(k||!a){c(p,\"load\",()=>{f(4)});return}f(g)}};function Kb(a){const b=a.length;let c=0;return new Y(d=>{if(0==b)d([]);else{const f=[];for(let e=0;e<b;++e)a[e].then(g=>{f[e]=g;++c==b&&d(f)})}})}function Lb(){let a;const b=new Y(c=>{a=c});return new Mb(b,a)}function Nb(a,b){if(!a.i)if(b instanceof Y)b.then(c=>{Nb(a,c)});else{a.i=!0;a.j=b;for(b=0;b<a.h.length;++b)Ob(a,a.h[b]);a.h=[]}}function Ob(a,b){a.i?b(a.j):a.h.push(b)}class Y{constructor(a){this.i=!1;this.h=[];a(b=>{Nb(this,b)})}then(a){return new Y(b=>{Ob(this,c=>{b(a(c))})})}} var Mb=class{constructor(a,b){this.promise=a;this.h=b}};function Pb(a){return a.prerendering?3:{visible:1,hidden:2,prerender:3,preview:4,unloaded:5}[a.visibilityState||a.webkitVisibilityState||a.mozVisibilityState||\"\"]||0}function Qb(a){let b;a.visibilityState?b=\"visibilitychange\":a.mozVisibilityState?b=\"mozvisibilitychange\":a.webkitVisibilityState&&(b=\"webkitvisibilitychange\");return b};function Rb(){const a=window;if(a.gmaSdk||a.webkit?.messageHandlers?.getGmaViewSignals)return a;try{const b=window.parent;if(b.gmaSdk||b.webkit?.messageHandlers?.getGmaViewSignals)return b}catch(b){}return null} function Sb(a,b={},c=()=>{},d=()=>{},f=200,e,g){const h=String(Math.floor(2147483647*Pa()));let k=0;const l=n=>{try{const m=\"object\"===typeof n.data?n.data:JSON.parse(n.data);h===m.paw_id&&(window.clearTimeout(k),window.removeEventListener(\"message\",l),m.signal?c(m.signal):m.error&&d(m.error))}catch(m){g(\"paw_sigs\",{msg:\"postmessageError\",err:m instanceof Error?m.message:\"nonError\",data:null==n.data?\"null\":500<n.data.length?n.data.substring(0,500):n.data})}};window.addEventListener(\"message\",n=>{e(903, ()=>{l(n)})()});a.postMessage({paw_id:h,...b});k=window.setTimeout(()=>{window.removeEventListener(\"message\",l);d(\"PAW GMA postmessage timed out.\")},f)};var Tb=class extends I{constructor(){super()}};function Ub(a,b){return H(a,2,b)}function Vb(a,b){return H(a,3,b)}function Wb(a,b){return H(a,4,b)}function Xb(a,b){return H(a,5,b)}function Yb(a,b){return H(a,9,b)} function Zb(a,b){if(E(a.m)&2)throw Error();if(null==b)var c=G;else c=[],oa(c,1);var d=c;if(null!=b){c=!!b.length;for(var f=0;f<b.length;f++){const e=b[f];c=c&&!(E(e.m)&2);d[f]=e.m}c=(c?8:0)|1;f=E(d);(f&c)!==c&&(Object.isFrozen(d)&&(d=Array.prototype.slice.call(d)),F(d,f|c));a.j||(a.j={});a.j[10]=b}else a.j&&(a.j[10]=void 0);return za(a,10,d)}function $b(a,b){return H(a,11,b)}function ac(a,b){return H(a,1,b)}function bc(a,b){return H(a,7,b)} var dc=class extends I{constructor(){super(-1,cc)}},cc=[10,6];const ec=\"platform platformVersion architecture model uaFullVersion bitness fullVersionList wow64\".split(\" \");function fc(a){if(\"function\"!==typeof a.navigator?.userAgentData?.getHighEntropyValues)return null;const b=a.google_tag_data??(a.google_tag_data={});if(b.uach_promise)return b.uach_promise;a=a.navigator.userAgentData.getHighEntropyValues(ec).then(c=>{b.uach??(b.uach=c);return c});return b.uach_promise=a} function gc(a){return $b(Zb(Xb(Ub(ac(Wb(bc(Yb(Vb(new dc,a.architecture||\"\"),a.bitness||\"\"),a.mobile||!1),a.model||\"\"),a.platform||\"\"),a.platformVersion||\"\"),a.uaFullVersion||\"\"),a.fullVersionList?.map(b=>{var c=new Tb;c=H(c,1,b.brand);return H(c,2,b.version)})||[]),a.wow64||!1)}function hc(a){return fc(a)?.then(b=>gc(b))??null};let ic=null; function jc(a,b){/(google|doubleclick).*\\/pagead\\/adview/.test(b)&&(b=K(b,`&vis=${Pb(a.h)}`));Q(Ja)&&\"__google_lidar_radf_\"in a.o&&(b=K(b,\"&avradf=1\"));a.v.then(()=>{0<a.l.length&&(b=K(b,\"&uach=\"+a.l));0<a.i.length&&(b=K(b,a.i));var c=a.o,d=b;var f=d.search(Oa);var e;b:{for(e=0;0<=(e=d.indexOf(\"ase\",e))&&e<f;){var g=d.charCodeAt(e-1);if(38==g||63==g)if(g=d.charCodeAt(e+3),!g||61==g||38==g||35==g)break b;e+=4}e=-1}if(0>e)f=null;else{g=d.indexOf(\"&\",e);if(0>g||g>f)g=f;f=decodeURIComponent(d.slice(e+4, -1!==g?g:0).replace(/\\+/g,\" \"))}if(f===(2).toString())c.fetch?c.fetch(d,{keepalive:!0,credentials:\"include\",redirect:\"follow\",method:\"get\",mode:\"cors\",headers:{\"Attribution-Reporting-Eligible\":\"event-source\"}}):P(c,d,void 0,!1,!0);else if(L.atsb){if(f=c.navigator)f=c.navigator.userAgent,f=/Chrome/.test(f)&&!/Edge/.test(f)?!0:!1;f&&c.navigator.sendBeacon?c.navigator.sendBeacon(d):P(c,d,void 0,!1)}else P(c,d)})} function kc(a){const b=[];var c=Q(La)||!!L.aub;if(c||L.aunb){let d=hc(a.o);d&&(d=d.then(f=>{a:{va=!0;try{var e=JSON.stringify(f.toJSON(),Ha);break a}finally{va=!1}e=void 0}f=e;e=[];for(var g=0,h=0;h<f.length;h++){var k=f.charCodeAt(h);255<k&&(e[g++]=k&255,k>>=8);e[g++]=k}f=la(e,3);a.l=f}),c&&b.push(d))}if(Q(Ka))if(c=Rb(),c?.gmaSdk?.getViewSignals){if(c=c.gmaSdk.getViewSignals())a.i=\"&ms=\"+c}else c?.webkit?.messageHandlers?.getGmaViewSignals&&Sb(c?.webkit?.messageHandlers?.getGmaViewSignals,{},d=> {a.i=\"&\"+d},()=>{},200,Cb,Db);L.umi&&(c=new Y(d=>{a.j=d}),b.push(c));if(L.ebrpfa||Q(Ia)){const d=Lb();b.push(d.promise);Sa(a.h,()=>{Ib(a.h.body,d.h)})}3==Pb(a.h)&&3==Pb(a.h)&&b.push(lc(a));a.v=Kb(b)}function lc(a){return new Y(b=>{const c=Qb(a.h);if(c){var d=()=>{3!=Pb(a.h)&&(Ma(a.h,c,d),b())};ic&&(d=ic(521,d));N(a.h,c,d)}})}class mc{constructor(){this.h=p.document;this.o=p;this.j=null;this.i=this.l=\"\";kc(this)}};Va=40;ic=Cb;window.vu=xb(492,function(a){if(L.ebrpfa||Q(Ia))a=K(a,\"&cbvp=2\");a=a.replace(\"&amp;\",\"&\");jc(zb(mc),a)});window.vv=xb(494,function(){const a=zb(mc);if(!a.j)throw Error(\"aiv::err\");a.j()});}).call(this);</script></head><body><script data-jc=\"56\" data-jc-version=\"r20230223\">(function(){/* Copyright The Closure Library Authors. SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */ 'use strict';var e=this||self;function g(a){return a};var l;var m,n;a:{for(var p=[\"CLOSURE_FLAGS\"],q=e,r=0;r<p.length;r++)if(q=q[p[r]],null==q){n=null;break a}n=q}var t=n&&n[610401301];m=null!=t?t:!1;var u;const v=e.navigator;u=v?v.userAgentData||null:null;function w(a){return m?u?u.brands.some(({brand:b})=>b&&-1!=b.indexOf(a)):!1:!1}function x(a){var b;a:{if(b=e.navigator)if(b=b.userAgent)break a;b=\"\"}return-1!=b.indexOf(a)};function y(){return m?!!u&&0<u.brands.length:!1}function z(){return y()?w(\"Chromium\"):(x(\"Chrome\")||x(\"CriOS\"))&&!(y()?0:x(\"Edge\"))||x(\"Silk\")};!x(\"Android\")||z();z();x(\"Safari\")&&(z()||(y()?0:x(\"Coast\"))||(y()?0:x(\"Opera\"))||(y()?0:x(\"Edge\"))||(y()?w(\"Microsoft Edge\"):x(\"Edg/\"))||y()&&w(\"Opera\"));function A(a,b){var c=window;c.addEventListener&&c.addEventListener(a,b,!1)};var B;var D=class{constructor(a,b){this.g=b===C?a:\"\"}toString(){return this.g+\"\"}},C={};function E(a){if(void 0===B){var b=null;var c=e.trustedTypes;if(c&&c.createPolicy){try{b=c.createPolicy(\"goog#html\",{createHTML:g,createScript:g,createScriptURL:g})}catch(d){e.console&&e.console.error(d.message)}B=b}else B=b}a=(b=B)?b.createScriptURL(a):a;return new D(a,C)};function F(a,b){b=String(b);\"application/xhtml+xml\"===a.contentType&&(b=b.toLowerCase());return a.createElement(b)}function G(a){this.g=a||e.document||document};/* SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */ function H(a,b){a.src=b instanceof D&&b.constructor===D?b.g:\"type_error:TrustedResourceUrl\";(b=(b=(a.ownerDocument&&a.ownerDocument.defaultView||window).document.querySelector?.(\"script[nonce]\"))?b.nonce||b.getAttribute(\"nonce\")||\"\":\"\")&&a.setAttribute(\"nonce\",b)};function I(a=document){return a.createElement(\"img\")};let J=null;function K(){const a=e.performance;return a&&a.now&&a.timing?Math.floor(a.now()+a.timing.navigationStart):Date.now()}function L(){const a=e.performance;return a&&a.now?a.now():null};class aa{constructor(a,b){var c=L()||K();this.label=a;this.type=b;this.value=c;this.duration=0;this.uniqueId=Math.random();this.taskId=this.slotId=void 0}};const M=e.performance,ba=!!(M&&M.mark&&M.measure&&M.clearMarks),N=function(a){let b=!1,c;return function(){b||(c=a(),b=!0);return c}}(()=>{var a;if(a=ba){var b;if(null===J){J=\"\";try{a=\"\";try{a=e.top.location.hash}catch(c){a=e.location.hash}a&&(J=(b=a.match(/\\bdeid=([\\d,]+)/))?b[1]:\"\")}catch(c){}}b=J;a=!!b.indexOf&&0<=b.indexOf(\"1337\")}return a});function ca(a){a&&M&&N()&&(M.clearMarks(`goog_${a.label}_${a.uniqueId}_start`),M.clearMarks(`goog_${a.label}_${a.uniqueId}_end`))} class da{constructor(){var a=window;this.g=[];this.i=a||e;let b=null;a&&(a.google_js_reporting_queue=a.google_js_reporting_queue||[],this.g=a.google_js_reporting_queue,b=a.google_measure_js_timing);this.h=N()||(null!=b?b:1>Math.random())}start(a,b){if(!this.h)return null;a=new aa(a,b);b=`goog_${a.label}_${a.uniqueId}_start`;M&&N()&&M.mark(b);return a}end(a){if(this.h&&\"number\"===typeof a.value){a.duration=(L()||K())-a.value;var b=`goog_${a.label}_${a.uniqueId}_end`;M&&N()&&M.mark(b);!this.h||2048< this.g.length||this.g.push(a)}}};const O=new da;var P=()=>{window.google_measure_js_timing||(O.h=!1,O.g!=O.i.google_js_reporting_queue&&(N()&&Array.prototype.forEach.call(O.g,ca,void 0),O.g.length=0))};\"number\"!==typeof window.google_srt&&(window.google_srt=Math.random());\"complete\"==window.document.readyState?P():O.h&&A(\"load\",()=>{P()});var Q=(a,b,c,d,h)=>{if(h)c=a+(\"&\"+b+\"=\"+c);else{var k=\"&\"+b+\"=\",f=a.indexOf(k);0>f?c=a+k+c:(f+=k.length,k=a.indexOf(\"&\",f),c=0<=k?a.substring(0,f)+c+a.substring(k):a.substring(0,f)+c)}f=parseInt(window.sumhl,10);return c.length>(0<f?f:2E3)?void 0!==d?Q(a,b,d,void 0,h):a:c};var fa=(a=document)=>{var b=R,c=ea;const d=F((a?new G(9==a.nodeType?a:a.ownerDocument||a.document):l||(l=new G)).g,\"SCRIPT\");d.type=\"text/javascript\";c&&(void 0!==d.onreadystatechange?d.onreadystatechange=()=>{if(\"complete\"==d.readyState||\"loaded\"==d.readyState)try{c&&c()}catch(k){}}:d.onload=c);H(d,E(b));const h=a.getElementsByTagName(\"head\")[0];if(h)try{e.setTimeout(()=>{h.appendChild(d)},0)}catch(k){}};let R,S,T,U,V; var W=()=>{var a=window,b=W;a.removeEventListener&&a.removeEventListener(\"load\",b,!1);!V&&(a=F(document,\"IFRAME\"),a.frameBorder=\"0\",a.style.height=0,a.style.width=0,a.style.position=\"absolute\",V=a,document.body&&(document.body.appendChild(a),a=V))&&(a=a.contentWindow)&&(T=\"1\",a.document.open(),a.document.write(\"<!doctype html><html><head></head><body></body></html>\"),a.document.close(),fa(a.document))},ea=()=>{var a=V;if(a&&(a=a.contentWindow))if(T=\"\",a.botguard){var b=a.botguard.bg;if(b)try{X(()=> {U=new b(S)})}catch(c){T=\"5\"}else T=\"3\"}else T=\"2\"},Y=()=>{let a=null;try{a=window.rvdt,\"number\"===typeof a?a=36E5>a?\"\"+a:\"M\":a=null}catch(b){}return a},X=a=>{window.wrpfc=a;window.wrpfc()},Z=()=>{var a=U;if(T)return T;if(!a)return\"5\";if(!a.invoke)return\"4\";let b;try{X(()=>{a.invoke(c=>{b=c})})}catch(c){return\"6\"}return b&&b.length?3>b.length?\"7\":2550<b.length?(A(\"unload\",()=>{var c=[\"bg\",b],d=[\"id\",\"bg\"];if(d&&c&&d.length&&c.length&&d.length==c.length){var h=[\"https://\",\"pagead2.googlesyndication.com\", \"/pagead/gen_204\"],k=\"?\";for(let f=0;f<d.length;f++)h.push(k+d[f]+\"=\"+c[f]),k=\"&\";c=h.join(\"\");d=window;d.google_image_requests||(d.google_image_requests=[]);h=I(d.document);h.src=c;d.google_image_requests.push(h)}}),\"8\"):b:\"6\"};window.bga=(a,b)=>{R=a;S=b;T=\"0\";A(\"load\",W)};window.bgy=a=>{const b=Y();b&&(a=Q(a,\"rvdt\",b));return Q(a,\"bg\",Z(),\"9\")};window.bgz=a=>{const b=document.getElementById(a);if(b){var c=Y();c&&(window.css?window.css(a,\"rvdt\",c,void 0,void 0):b&&(b.href=Q(b.href,\"rvdt\",c)));c=Z();window.css?window.css(a,\"bg\",c,!1,\"9\"):b&&(b.href=Q(b.href,\"bg\",c,\"9\",!1))}};}).call(this);</script><script>bga('https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/bg/tZsXipaSZXHHcL3TzAhvrOIdSpwDyJfWMGTb_6xT6xM.js','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');</script><script type=\"text/javascript\">(function() {if (!window.GoogleUzGyiZ || typeof window.GoogleUzGyiZ.push !== 'function') {window.GoogleUzGyiZ = [];}window.GoogleUzGyiZ.push({'0': '0','1': '2d5e412b-c745-49f6-b3cb-b9a8956b6b12','2': '1'});var gfs = document.createElement('script');gfs.type = 'text/javascript';gfs.async = true;gfs.src = '';document.body.appendChild(gfs);})();</script><div id=\"mys-wrapper\" class=\"mys-wrapper\"><div id=\"mys-overlay\"></div><div id=\"mys-content\" style=\"width:412px;height:300px;\"x-frame-width=\"412\" x-frame-height=\"300\"><div id=\"mys-meta\" style=\"position:absolute;display:none;\"><meta content=\"91\" index=\"0\" name=\"sampling_mod\"></meta><meta content=\"st_9\" index=\"0\" name=\"environment\"></meta><meta content=\"ns-ej0qs\" index=\"0\" name=\"namespace\"></meta><meta content=\"[1]\" index=\"0\" name=\"page_element\"></meta><meta content=\"[[[&quot;.x-layout&quot;,[[&quot;class&quot;,&quot;GoogleActiveViewElement&quot;],[&quot;data-google-av-cxn&quot;,&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pcs/activeview?xai=AKAOjsvKAnatXkw2270mBvlv-LE0xKPXtv1CxUjuzildqyxHIVk2ir646PofJQN_g68zSgqgqw1Eo1K_QMCZZvSt0AJFIVtmN9TotyMf8I7_FnlwaMu-pjFYFdYaYlVkX-YTmSeO4y-v&amp;sai=AMfl-YQc7PLz4G9wBVVsZ4KO_V7VBOIhLxDweVJddE3M3wfiiByZTIbdjCHVpc7VptYka-makoH-fM2t2jKNx3DjaVFB3P_-0xbSIISRWveWHlGyEIM225mWy-HjtSXOHEiLvHrSCzjZWArsMfRCEQmey2vnBApSQYJ5UrO9X9pm1_0TP7sE1MjJRE6qzbZ0-qghuuZGGJ7m2r1yh69dM99SaZmjCcS7Nks8B7riRf2Meo9zddLX5TY3&amp;sig=Cg0ArKJSzEpixssu0BnXEAE&quot;],[&quot;data-google-av-adk&quot;,&quot;1058787798&quot;],[&quot;data-google-av-metadata&quot;,&quot;la=0&amp;amp=1&amp;&quot;],[&quot;data-google-av-ufs-integrator-metadata&quot;,&quot;&quot;],[&quot;data-google-av-override&quot;,&quot;-1&quot;],[&quot;data-google-av-aid&quot;,&quot;0&quot;],[&quot;data-google-av-naid&quot;,&quot;1&quot;],[&quot;data-google-av-slift&quot;,&quot;&quot;],[&quot;data-google-av-cpmav&quot;,&quot;&quot;],[&quot;data-google-av-btr&quot;,&quot;&quot;],[&quot;data-google-av-itpl&quot;,&quot;22&quot;],[&quot;data-google-av-rs&quot;,&quot;1&quot;],[&quot;data-google-av-dm&quot;,&quot;2&quot;],[&quot;data-google-av-flags&quot;,&quot;[\\&quot;x%278440&#39;9efotm(&amp;753374%2bejvf/%27844&gt;&#39;9wuvb$&amp;56533&gt;!=|vqc)!273794&amp;&lt;qqvb/%&lt;1735020!=nehu`/!364=5051!9abk{a($160210:3&amp;&lt;cbotf+*0150034:%2bejvf/%72;17613!=efdwa*&#39;76463;21$?ebkpb$&amp;0366717&gt;*&gt;bgipf+!3=712363%9aihwc)!7202&lt;217&#39;9efotm(&amp;20061;48&amp;&gt;`dopb/%&lt;1707200!=8(&amp;2005575?&amp;&gt;`dopb/%&lt;170642?!=|vqc)!7201;=50&#39;9wuvb$&amp;03641654*&gt;bgipf+!3=731103%9aihwc)!7200?073&#39;9efotm(&amp;2004?51;&amp;&gt;`dopb/%&lt;17&gt;474&gt;!=nehu`/!36406412!9abk{a($160&gt;358&lt;&amp;&lt;cbotfz\\&quot;]&quot;],[&quot;lang&quot;,&quot;en&quot;]]]]]\" index=\"0\" name=\"attribute_setter\"></meta><meta content=\"[[412,300,9,&quot;gpa/maximal_v1_och&quot;,0,0,null,&quot;_top&quot;,&quot;Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 10; SM-M305F) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/110.0.0.0 Mobile Safari/537.36,gzip(gfe)&quot;,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1],[&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;#ffffff&quot;,&quot;#0088ff&quot;,&quot;#000000&quot;,null,null,null,1,[&quot;#ffffff&quot;,&quot;#0088ff&quot;,&quot;#000000&quot;,&quot;#808080&quot;,&quot;#ffffff&quot;,&quot;#000000&quot;],0],null,&quot;&quot;,&quot;IN&quot;,null,0,0,&quot;en&quot;,null,null,1,null,91,null,null,0,[],&quot;&quot;,&quot;en&quot;,null,1,2,null,null,null,0,0,null,0,1,0,1,1,0,3,null,412,892,null,0,1,[0,0],1,0,null,0,13,0,null,&quot;ca-pub-2996699528081700&quot;,&quot;3501797636&quot;,0,&quot;&quot;,[0],&quot;&quot;,&quot;&quot;],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,1,1,null,null,1,1,[],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,1],null,null,null,null]\" index=\"0\" name=\"render_config\"></meta></div><meta data-ifc-map=\"[[&quot;imageBorderProtection&quot;,[[[&quot;0,0,10,0&quot;,null,null,2]]]],[&quot;interstitialLargeBorderProtection&quot;,[[[&quot;25,25,25,25&quot;,null,null,2]]]],[&quot;interstitialMediumBorderProtection&quot;,[[[&quot;10,18,10,18&quot;,null,null,2]]]],[&quot;interstitialSmallBorderProtection&quot;,[[[&quot;10,10,10,10&quot;,null,null,2]]]],[&quot;largeBorderProtection&quot;,[[[&quot;10,10,10,10&quot;,null,null,2]]]],[&quot;noBorderProtection&quot;,[[[&quot;1,1,1,1&quot;,null,null,2]]]],[&quot;preventProtection&quot;,[[[null,null,10,1]]]],[&quot;smallBorderProtection&quot;,[[[&quot;5,5,5,5&quot;,null,null,2]]]]]\"></meta><meta data-asoch-meta=\"[[[&quot;ad0&quot;,[null,&quot;https://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&amp;ai=CACQNixD-Y5voHMKNogOahLygBsDemJxv7eH8-IYR6vmq6JEdEAEg5P_aGGDliuaDuA6gAY2omdsCyAEJqQKEFRPQFvdJPqgDAcgD2wSqBKsCT9CvZKQm3EHBM_12tA86ObFQFbPd_ZMcvy7siIGkWtmI7tr9H7uf7eLgmfRYtPB9POWtVUstR7gdqFloPL6R9zBG2XuS_nF69asjp0-dGWgPKMCHAM7YbRBB7CXU7HU_Hu4bHhTuIWcfVcH71w49o5WFVSPWvv8SVRiwtisCo6zt1OksbiZ7fGgOTzilVeKfbG86_K8zAlJMvLPZFZJrnwhkLXpWnA6wNTaGxdQCTIAYVNfJEJhin3eqwSntfXZOUdO4dcYC2Vf0SMkP5niwhB6NtwfOAQeqTXOoGhN4leUDPq1mbgIUrSUAjlAHw7P7CS7kkPz16YBANvQLW08SxeEaxLkrxIM_0M-M5JL8Zmq_RX8f3200MyQXFdt1WKaV1NFhbLonCCl2Gj_ABIzfoOz-A4gF2NLlz0DABQWQBgGgBi7YBgKAB9vX5qQBiAcBkAcCqAeOzhuoB5PYG6gH7paxAqgH_p6xAqgHpKOxAqgHpr4bqAeaBqgH89EbqAeW2BuoB6qbsQKoB_-esQKoB9-fsQLYBwCgCKDBPbAIAtIIEggAEAIYGjIBADoHn8CAgICABIAKAZgLAcgLAYAMAbgMAeAS7vKdt9KYivjlAdgTC4IUFxoVd3d3Lndpa2lwcm9jZWR1cmUuY29t0BUBmBYB-BYBgBcB&amp;ae=1&amp;num=1&amp;cid=CAQSkgEA1BOcpnfo7WrC--2nVUsm-uZWa4w6V_WJ6-0-lPfusNazoaEBw1YrJhrV_6D8UmVVDrMMBLJoQWFYMjE8YMqwKWG1HfYqsEZ4YS_pdKbQjp3p1sS3Qh2mzd9QKtssPXKB2D1FiRKc_DQxP3QZsD236jCm1RLYAurFaj72siD-3dpl9Brmp7QOy1GP4xZm21sfUBgB&amp;sig=AOD64_27HsEuwd9ZVZGt5pC5vX5PFDo6FQ&amp;ctype=5&amp;client=ca-pub-2996699528081700&amp;rf=1&amp;adurl=https://uathayam.in/products/pista-green-with-fixit-fancy-border-dhoti-matching-set-ku10703%3Fvariant%3D39848416182335%26currency%3DINR%26utm_medium%3Dproduct_sync%26utm_source%3Dgoogle%26utm_content%3Dsag_organic%26utm_campaign%3Dsag_organic%26gclid%3DCj0KCQiA6fafBhC1ARIsAIJjL8kjrh4kSBakHPu_wm4jNCk261F759MPRrIa1kWlBrTOAODiAtN1vXwaAgqeEALw_wcB&quot;,null,null,null,[],[],null,&quot;https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/interaction/?ai=CACQNixD-Y5voHMKNogOahLygBsDemJxv7eH8-IYR6vmq6JEdEAEg5P_aGGDliuaDuA6gAY2omdsCyAEJqQKEFRPQFvdJPqgDAcgD2wSqBKsCT9CvZKQm3EHBM_12tA86ObFQFbPd_ZMcvy7siIGkWtmI7tr9H7uf7eLgmfRYtPB9POWtVUstR7gdqFloPL6R9zBG2XuS_nF69asjp0-dGWgPKMCHAM7YbRBB7CXU7HU_Hu4bHhTuIWcfVcH71w49o5WFVSPWvv8SVRiwtisCo6zt1OksbiZ7fGgOTzilVeKfbG86_K8zAlJMvLPZFZJrnwhkLXpWnA6wNTaGxdQCTIAYVNfJEJhin3eqwSntfXZOUdO4dcYC2Vf0SMkP5niwhB6NtwfOAQeqTXOoGhN4leUDPq1mbgIUrSUAjlAHw7P7CS7kkPz16YBANvQLW08SxeEaxLkrxIM_0M-M5JL8Zmq_RX8f3200MyQXFdt1WKaV1NFhbLonCCl2Gj_ABIzfoOz-A4gF2NLlz0DABQWQBgGgBi7YBgKAB9vX5qQBiAcBkAcCqAeOzhuoB5PYG6gH7paxAqgH_p6xAqgHpKOxAqgHpr4bqAeaBqgH89EbqAeW2BuoB6qbsQKoB_-esQKoB9-fsQLYBwCgCKDBPbAIAtIIEggAEAIYGjIBADoHn8CAgICABIAKAZgLAcgLAYAMAbgMAeAS7vKdt9KYivjlAdgTC4IUFxoVd3d3Lndpa2lwcm9jZWR1cmUuY29t0BUBmBYB-BYBgBcB&amp;sigh=LUPbnPmuREM&amp;cid=CAQSkgEA1BOcpnfo7WrC--2nVUsm-uZWa4w6V_WJ6-0-lPfusNazoaEBw1YrJhrV_6D8UmVVDrMMBLJoQWFYMjE8YMqwKWG1HfYqsEZ4YS_pdKbQjp3p1sS3Qh2mzd9QKtssPXKB2D1FiRKc_DQxP3QZsD236jCm1RLYAurFaj72siD-3dpl9Brmp7QOy1GP4xZm21sfUA&quot;,null,&quot;_top&quot;,null,null,null,null,null,&quot;Cj0KCQiA6fafBhC1ARIsAIJjL8kjrh4kSBakHPu_wm4jNCk261F759MPRrIa1kWlBrTOAODiAtN1vXwaAgqeEALw_wcB&quot;]],[&quot;ochAppStore&quot;,[null,null,null,null,26,[],[]]],[&quot;ochButton&quot;,[null,null,null,null,8,[],[]]],[&quot;ochImage&quot;,[null,null,null,null,9,[],[]]],[&quot;ochLogo&quot;,[null,null,null,null,19,[],[]]],[&quot;ochMarketImage&quot;,[null,null,null,null,25,[],[]]],[&quot;product0&quot;,[null,&quot;https://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&amp;ai=CQ8_-ixD-Y5voHMKNogOahLygBsDemJxv7eH8-IYR6vmq6JEdEAEg5P_aGGDliuaDuA6gAY2omdsCyAEJqQKEFRPQFvdJPqgDAcgD2wSqBKsCT9CvZKQm3EHBM_12tA86ObFQFbPd_ZMcvy7siIGkWtmI7tr9H7uf7eLgmfRYtPB9POWtVUstR7gdqFloPL6R9zBG2XuS_nF69asjp0-dGWgPKMCHAM7YbRBB7CXU7HU_Hu4bHhTuIWcfVcH71w49o5WFVSPWvv8SVRiwtisCo6zt1OksbiZ7fGgOTzilVeKfbG86_K8zAlJMvLPZFZJrnwhkLXpWnA6wNTaGxdQCTIAYVNfJEJhin3eqwSntfXZOUdO4dcYC2Vf0SMkP5niwhB6NtwfOAQeqTXOoGhN4leUDPq1mbgIUrSUAjlAHw7P7CS7kkPz16YBANvQLW08SxeEaxLkrxIM_0M-M5JL8Zmq_RX8f3200MyQXFdt1WKaV1NFhbLonCCl2Gj_ABIzfoOz-A4gF2NLlz0DABQX6BQYIJRABGACQBgGgBi7YBgKAB9vX5qQBiAcBkAcCqAeOzhuoB5PYG6gH7paxAqgH_p6xAqgHpKOxAqgHpr4bqAeaBqgH89EbqAeW2BuoB6qbsQKoB_-esQKoB9-fsQLYBwCgCKDBPbAIAsAIAdIIEggAEAIYGjIBADoHn8CAgICABIAKAZALA5gLAcgLAYAMAbgMAeAS7vKdt9KYivjlAdgTC4IUFxoVd3d3Lndpa2lwcm9jZWR1cmUuY29t0BUBmBYB-BYBgBcB&amp;ae=1&amp;num=1&amp;cid=CAQSkgEA1BOcpnfo7WrC--2nVUsm-uZWa4w6V_WJ6-0-lPfusNazoaEBw1YrJhrV_6D8UmVVDrMMBLJoQWFYMjE8YMqwKWG1HfYqsEZ4YS_pdKbQjp3p1sS3Qh2mzd9QKtssPXKB2D1FiRKc_DQxP3QZsD236jCm1RLYAurFaj72siD-3dpl9Brmp7QOy1GP4xZm21sfUBgB&amp;sig=AOD64_1fMALBMbPjy_GcCrbUdx_MRNwNYg&amp;ctype=5&amp;client=ca-pub-2996699528081700&amp;adurl=https://uathayam.in/products/pista-green-with-fixit-fancy-border-dhoti-matching-set-ku10703%3Fvariant%3D39848416182335%26currency%3DINR%26utm_medium%3Dproduct_sync%26utm_source%3Dgoogle%26utm_content%3Dsag_organic%26utm_campaign%3Dsag_organic%26gclid%3DCj0KCQiA6fafBhC1ARIsAIJjL8lpSkITBHULIirCgNEUmTockbI2Cq_3Oa5TIfodSPjX30e_hV2JcGIaAujiEALw_wcB&quot;,null,null,null,[],[],null,&quot;https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/interaction/?ai=CACQNixD-Y5voHMKNogOahLygBsDemJxv7eH8-IYR6vmq6JEdEAEg5P_aGGDliuaDuA6gAY2omdsCyAEJqQKEFRPQFvdJPqgDAcgD2wSqBKsCT9CvZKQm3EHBM_12tA86ObFQFbPd_ZMcvy7siIGkWtmI7tr9H7uf7eLgmfRYtPB9POWtVUstR7gdqFloPL6R9zBG2XuS_nF69asjp0-dGWgPKMCHAM7YbRBB7CXU7HU_Hu4bHhTuIWcfVcH71w49o5WFVSPWvv8SVRiwtisCo6zt1OksbiZ7fGgOTzilVeKfbG86_K8zAlJMvLPZFZJrnwhkLXpWnA6wNTaGxdQCTIAYVNfJEJhin3eqwSntfXZOUdO4dcYC2Vf0SMkP5niwhB6NtwfOAQeqTXOoGhN4leUDPq1mbgIUrSUAjlAHw7P7CS7kkPz16YBANvQLW08SxeEaxLkrxIM_0M-M5JL8Zmq_RX8f3200MyQXFdt1WKaV1NFhbLonCCl2Gj_ABIzfoOz-A4gF2NLlz0DABQWQBgGgBi7YBgKAB9vX5qQBiAcBkAcCqAeOzhuoB5PYG6gH7paxAqgH_p6xAqgHpKOxAqgHpr4bqAeaBqgH89EbqAeW2BuoB6qbsQKoB_-esQKoB9-fsQLYBwCgCKDBPbAIAtIIEggAEAIYGjIBADoHn8CAgICABIAKAZgLAcgLAYAMAbgMAeAS7vKdt9KYivjlAdgTC4IUFxoVd3d3Lndpa2lwcm9jZWR1cmUuY29t0BUBmBYB-BYBgBcB&amp;sigh=LUPbnPmuREM&amp;cid=CAQSkgEA1BOcpnfo7WrC--2nVUsm-uZWa4w6V_WJ6-0-lPfusNazoaEBw1YrJhrV_6D8UmVVDrMMBLJoQWFYMjE8YMqwKWG1HfYqsEZ4YS_pdKbQjp3p1sS3Qh2mzd9QKtssPXKB2D1FiRKc_DQxP3QZsD236jCm1RLYAurFaj72siD-3dpl9Brmp7QOy1GP4xZm21sfUA&quot;,null,&quot;_top&quot;,null,null,null,null,null,&quot;Cj0KCQiA6fafBhC1ARIsAIJjL8lpSkITBHULIirCgNEUmTockbI2Cq_3Oa5TIfodSPjX30e_hV2JcGIaAujiEALw_wcB&quot;]],[&quot;product1&quot;,[null,&quot;https://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&amp;ai=CBwY1ixD-Y5voHMKNogOahLygBsDemJxv7eH8-IYR6vmq6JEdEAEg5P_aGGDliuaDuA6gAY2omdsCyAEJqQKEFRPQFvdJPqgDAcgD2wSqBKsCT9CvZKQm3EHBM_12tA86ObFQFbPd_ZMcvy7siIGkWtmI7tr9H7uf7eLgmfRYtPB9POWtVUstR7gdqFloPL6R9zBG2XuS_nF69asjp0-dGWgPKMCHAM7YbRBB7CXU7HU_Hu4bHhTuIWcfVcH71w49o5WFVSPWvv8SVRiwtisCo6zt1OksbiZ7fGgOTzilVeKfbG86_K8zAlJMvLPZFZJrnwhkLXpWnA6wNTaGxdQCTIAYVNfJEJhin3eqwSntfXZOUdO4dcYC2Vf0SMkP5niwhB6NtwfOAQeqTXOoGhN4leUDPq1mbgIUrSUAjlAHw7P7CS7kkPz16YBANvQLW08SxeEaxLkrxIM_0M-M5JL8Zmq_RX8f3200MyQXFdt1WKaV1NFhbLonCCl2Gj_ABIzfoOz-A4gF2NLlz0DABQX6BQYIJRABGAGQBgGgBi7YBgKAB9vX5qQBiAcBkAcCqAeOzhuoB5PYG6gH7paxAqgH_p6xAqgHpKOxAqgHpr4bqAeaBqgH89EbqAeW2BuoB6qbsQKoB_-esQKoB9-fsQLYBwCgCKDBPbAIAsAIAtIIEggAEAIYGjIBADoHn8CAgICABIAKAZALA5gLAcgLAYAMAbgMAeASjs710qHyguIo2BMLghQXGhV3d3cud2lraXByb2NlZHVyZS5jb23QFQGYFgH4FgGAFwE&amp;ae=1&amp;num=1&amp;cid=CAQSkgEA1BOcpnfo7WrC--2nVUsm-uZWa4w6V_WJ6-0-lPfusNazoaEBw1YrJhrV_6D8UmVVDrMMBLJoQWFYMjE8YMqwKWG1HfYqsEZ4YS_pdKbQjp3p1sS3Qh2mzd9QKtssPXKB2D1FiRKc_DQxP3QZsD236jCm1RLYAurFaj72siD-3dpl9Brmp7QOy1GP4xZm21sfUBgB&amp;sig=AOD64_14s7sMsvSCO_Boxyt1l37QgrY5vA&amp;ctype=5&amp;client=ca-pub-2996699528081700&amp;adurl=https://uathayam.in/products/super-soft-squirrel-grey-formal-shirts-mtc-1501%3Fvariant%3D39471004811327%26currency%3DINR%26utm_medium%3Dproduct_sync%26utm_source%3Dgoogle%26utm_content%3Dsag_organic%26utm_campaign%3Dsag_organic%26gclid%3DCj0KCQiA6fafBhC1ARIsAIJjL8mp30pcyBAeiB9lU0g2IVJ5BtHFJi_0AwAyJV9E7v_4_gXLiKooL2saApfMEALw_wcB&quot;,null,null,null,[],[],null,&quot;https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/interaction/?ai=CACQNixD-Y5voHMKNogOahLygBsDemJxv7eH8-IYR6vmq6JEdEAEg5P_aGGDliuaDuA6gAY2omdsCyAEJqQKEFRPQFvdJPqgDAcgD2wSqBKsCT9CvZKQm3EHBM_12tA86ObFQFbPd_ZMcvy7siIGkWtmI7tr9H7uf7eLgmfRYtPB9POWtVUstR7gdqFloPL6R9zBG2XuS_nF69asjp0-dGWgPKMCHAM7YbRBB7CXU7HU_Hu4bHhTuIWcfVcH71w49o5WFVSPWvv8SVRiwtisCo6zt1OksbiZ7fGgOTzilVeKfbG86_K8zAlJMvLPZFZJrnwhkLXpWnA6wNTaGxdQCTIAYVNfJEJhin3eqwSntfXZOUdO4dcYC2Vf0SMkP5niwhB6NtwfOAQeqTXOoGhN4leUDPq1mbgIUrSUAjlAHw7P7CS7kkPz16YBANvQLW08SxeEaxLkrxIM_0M-M5JL8Zmq_RX8f3200MyQXFdt1WKaV1NFhbLonCCl2Gj_ABIzfoOz-A4gF2NLlz0DABQWQBgGgBi7YBgKAB9vX5qQBiAcBkAcCqAeOzhuoB5PYG6gH7paxAqgH_p6xAqgHpKOxAqgHpr4bqAeaBqgH89EbqAeW2BuoB6qbsQKoB_-esQKoB9-fsQLYBwCgCKDBPbAIAtIIEggAEAIYGjIBADoHn8CAgICABIAKAZgLAcgLAYAMAbgMAeAS7vKdt9KYivjlAdgTC4IUFxoVd3d3Lndpa2lwcm9jZWR1cmUuY29t0BUBmBYB-BYBgBcB&amp;sigh=LUPbnPmuREM&amp;cid=CAQSkgEA1BOcpnfo7WrC--2nVUsm-uZWa4w6V_WJ6-0-lPfusNazoaEBw1YrJhrV_6D8UmVVDrMMBLJoQWFYMjE8YMqwKWG1HfYqsEZ4YS_pdKbQjp3p1sS3Qh2mzd9QKtssPXKB2D1FiRKc_DQxP3QZsD236jCm1RLYAurFaj72siD-3dpl9Brmp7QOy1GP4xZm21sfUA&quot;,null,&quot;_top&quot;,null,null,null,null,null,&quot;Cj0KCQiA6fafBhC1ARIsAIJjL8mp30pcyBAeiB9lU0g2IVJ5BtHFJi_0AwAyJV9E7v_4_gXLiKooL2saApfMEALw_wcB&quot;]]],1,1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[]]\"></meta><div class=\"ns-ej0qs-l-tower2-square ns-ej0qs-v-0\" x-ns-ej0qs-l=\"tower2-square\" x-ns-ej0qs-v=\"0\" x-ns-ej0qs-vc=\"10\" x-ns-ej0qs-vp=\"0\"><div class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-0 x-layout GoogleActiveViewElement\" data-google-av-adk=\"1058787798\" data-google-av-aid=\"0\" data-google-av-btr=\"\" data-google-av-cpmav=\"\" data-google-av-cxn=\"https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pcs/activeview?xai=AKAOjsvKAnatXkw2270mBvlv-LE0xKPXtv1CxUjuzildqyxHIVk2ir646PofJQN_g68zSgqgqw1Eo1K_QMCZZvSt0AJFIVtmN9TotyMf8I7_FnlwaMu-pjFYFdYaYlVkX-YTmSeO4y-v&amp;sai=AMfl-YQc7PLz4G9wBVVsZ4KO_V7VBOIhLxDweVJddE3M3wfiiByZTIbdjCHVpc7VptYka-makoH-fM2t2jKNx3DjaVFB3P_-0xbSIISRWveWHlGyEIM225mWy-HjtSXOHEiLvHrSCzjZWArsMfRCEQmey2vnBApSQYJ5UrO9X9pm1_0TP7sE1MjJRE6qzbZ0-qghuuZGGJ7m2r1yh69dM99SaZmjCcS7Nks8B7riRf2Meo9zddLX5TY3&amp;sig=Cg0ArKJSzEpixssu0BnXEAE\" data-google-av-dm=\"2\" data-google-av-flags=\"[&quot;x%278440&#39;9efotm(&amp;753374%2bejvf/%27844&gt;&#39;9wuvb$&amp;56533&gt;!=|vqc)!273794&amp;&lt;qqvb/%&lt;1735020!=nehu`/!364=5051!9abk{a($160210:3&amp;&lt;cbotf+*0150034:%2bejvf/%72;17613!=efdwa*&#39;76463;21$?ebkpb$&amp;0366717&gt;*&gt;bgipf+!3=712363%9aihwc)!7202&lt;217&#39;9efotm(&amp;20061;48&amp;&gt;`dopb/%&lt;1707200!=8(&amp;2005575?&amp;&gt;`dopb/%&lt;170642?!=|vqc)!7201;=50&#39;9wuvb$&amp;03641654*&gt;bgipf+!3=731103%9aihwc)!7200?073&#39;9efotm(&amp;2004?51;&amp;&gt;`dopb/%&lt;17&gt;474&gt;!=nehu`/!36406412!9abk{a($160&gt;358&lt;&amp;&lt;cbotfz&quot;]\" data-google-av-itpl=\"22\" data-google-av-metadata=\"la=0&amp;amp=1&amp;\" data-google-av-naid=\"1\" data-google-av-override=\"-1\" data-google-av-rs=\"1\" data-google-av-slift=\"\" data-google-av-ufs-integrator-metadata=\"\" data-ifc=\"[[[&quot;5,5,5,5&quot;,null,null,2]]]\" id=\"tower2-square\" lang=\"en\" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"0\" x-overflow-forbidden=\"xy\"><div class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-1 column-container ads-column-container\" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"1\"><div class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-2 column-container product-container\" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"2\" x-overflow-forbidden=\"xy\"><div class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-3 row-container\" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"3\" x-overflow-forbidden=\"xy\" x-repeat-key=\"y\" x-repeat-step=\"2\" x-repeat=\"1\"><div class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-4 row-container\" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"4\" x-overflow-forbidden=\"xy\" x-repeat-begin=\"0\" x-repeat=\"2\"><div class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-5 row-container product-box\" data-ifc=\"[[[&quot;1,1,1,1&quot;,null,null,2]]]\" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"5\"><a class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-6 flex\" data-asoch-targets=\"product0,ochImage\" href=\"https://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&amp;ai=CQ8_-ixD-Y5voHMKNogOahLygBsDemJxv7eH8-IYR6vmq6JEdEAEg5P_aGGDliuaDuA6gAY2omdsCyAEJqQKEFRPQFvdJPqgDAcgD2wSqBKsCT9CvZKQm3EHBM_12tA86ObFQFbPd_ZMcvy7siIGkWtmI7tr9H7uf7eLgmfRYtPB9POWtVUstR7gdqFloPL6R9zBG2XuS_nF69asjp0-dGWgPKMCHAM7YbRBB7CXU7HU_Hu4bHhTuIWcfVcH71w49o5WFVSPWvv8SVRiwtisCo6zt1OksbiZ7fGgOTzilVeKfbG86_K8zAlJMvLPZFZJrnwhkLXpWnA6wNTaGxdQCTIAYVNfJEJhin3eqwSntfXZOUdO4dcYC2Vf0SMkP5niwhB6NtwfOAQeqTXOoGhN4leUDPq1mbgIUrSUAjlAHw7P7CS7kkPz16YBANvQLW08SxeEaxLkrxIM_0M-M5JL8Zmq_RX8f3200MyQXFdt1WKaV1NFhbLonCCl2Gj_ABIzfoOz-A4gF2NLlz0DABQX6BQYIJRABGACQBgGgBi7YBgKAB9vX5qQBiAcBkAcCqAeOzhuoB5PYG6gH7paxAqgH_p6xAqgHpKOxAqgHpr4bqAeaBqgH89EbqAeW2BuoB6qbsQKoB_-esQKoB9-fsQLYBwCgCKDBPbAIAsAIAdIIEggAEAIYGjIBADoHn8CAgICABIAKAZALA5gLAcgLAYAMAbgMAeAS7vKdt9KYivjlAdgTC4IUFxoVd3d3Lndpa2lwcm9jZWR1cmUuY29t0BUBmBYB-BYBgBcB&amp;ae=1&amp;num=1&amp;cid=CAQSkgEA1BOcpnfo7WrC--2nVUsm-uZWa4w6V_WJ6-0-lPfusNazoaEBw1YrJhrV_6D8UmVVDrMMBLJoQWFYMjE8YMqwKWG1HfYqsEZ4YS_pdKbQjp3p1sS3Qh2mzd9QKtssPXKB2D1FiRKc_DQxP3QZsD236jCm1RLYAurFaj72siD-3dpl9Brmp7QOy1GP4xZm21sfUBgB&amp;sig=AOD64_1fMALBMbPjy_GcCrbUdx_MRNwNYg&amp;ctype=5&amp;client=ca-pub-2996699528081700&amp;nb=9&amp;adurl=https://uathayam.in/products/pista-green-with-fixit-fancy-border-dhoti-matching-set-ku10703%3Fvariant%3D39848416182335%26currency%3DINR%26utm_medium%3Dproduct_sync%26utm_source%3Dgoogle%26utm_content%3Dsag_organic%26utm_campaign%3Dsag_organic%26gclid%3DCj0KCQiA6fafBhC1ARIsAIJjL8lpSkITBHULIirCgNEUmTockbI2Cq_3Oa5TIfodSPjX30e_hV2JcGIaAujiEALw_wcB\" target=\"_top\" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"6\" x-remove=\"false\"><div class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-7 product-image-even-white-space-roi row-container \" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"7\"><div class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-8 cropped-image-intermedia-box cropped-image-no-overflow-box \" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"8\" x-remove=\"false\"></div></div></a></div></div><div class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-9 row-container\" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"9\" x-overflow-forbidden=\"xy\" x-repeat-begin=\"0\" x-repeat=\"2\"><div class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-10 row-container product-box\" data-ifc=\"[[[&quot;1,1,1,1&quot;,null,null,2]]]\" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"10\"><a class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-11 flex\" data-asoch-targets=\"product1,ochImage\" href=\"https://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&amp;ai=CBwY1ixD-Y5voHMKNogOahLygBsDemJxv7eH8-IYR6vmq6JEdEAEg5P_aGGDliuaDuA6gAY2omdsCyAEJqQKEFRPQFvdJPqgDAcgD2wSqBKsCT9CvZKQm3EHBM_12tA86ObFQFbPd_ZMcvy7siIGkWtmI7tr9H7uf7eLgmfRYtPB9POWtVUstR7gdqFloPL6R9zBG2XuS_nF69asjp0-dGWgPKMCHAM7YbRBB7CXU7HU_Hu4bHhTuIWcfVcH71w49o5WFVSPWvv8SVRiwtisCo6zt1OksbiZ7fGgOTzilVeKfbG86_K8zAlJMvLPZFZJrnwhkLXpWnA6wNTaGxdQCTIAYVNfJEJhin3eqwSntfXZOUdO4dcYC2Vf0SMkP5niwhB6NtwfOAQeqTXOoGhN4leUDPq1mbgIUrSUAjlAHw7P7CS7kkPz16YBANvQLW08SxeEaxLkrxIM_0M-M5JL8Zmq_RX8f3200MyQXFdt1WKaV1NFhbLonCCl2Gj_ABIzfoOz-A4gF2NLlz0DABQX6BQYIJRABGAGQBgGgBi7YBgKAB9vX5qQBiAcBkAcCqAeOzhuoB5PYG6gH7paxAqgH_p6xAqgHpKOxAqgHpr4bqAeaBqgH89EbqAeW2BuoB6qbsQKoB_-esQKoB9-fsQLYBwCgCKDBPbAIAsAIAtIIEggAEAIYGjIBADoHn8CAgICABIAKAZALA5gLAcgLAYAMAbgMAeASjs710qHyguIo2BMLghQXGhV3d3cud2lraXByb2NlZHVyZS5jb23QFQGYFgH4FgGAFwE&amp;ae=1&amp;num=1&amp;cid=CAQSkgEA1BOcpnfo7WrC--2nVUsm-uZWa4w6V_WJ6-0-lPfusNazoaEBw1YrJhrV_6D8UmVVDrMMBLJoQWFYMjE8YMqwKWG1HfYqsEZ4YS_pdKbQjp3p1sS3Qh2mzd9QKtssPXKB2D1FiRKc_DQxP3QZsD236jCm1RLYAurFaj72siD-3dpl9Brmp7QOy1GP4xZm21sfUBgB&amp;sig=AOD64_14s7sMsvSCO_Boxyt1l37QgrY5vA&amp;ctype=5&amp;client=ca-pub-2996699528081700&amp;nb=9&amp;adurl=https://uathayam.in/products/super-soft-squirrel-grey-formal-shirts-mtc-1501%3Fvariant%3D39471004811327%26currency%3DINR%26utm_medium%3Dproduct_sync%26utm_source%3Dgoogle%26utm_content%3Dsag_organic%26utm_campaign%3Dsag_organic%26gclid%3DCj0KCQiA6fafBhC1ARIsAIJjL8mp30pcyBAeiB9lU0g2IVJ5BtHFJi_0AwAyJV9E7v_4_gXLiKooL2saApfMEALw_wcB\" target=\"_top\" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"11\" x-remove=\"false\"><div class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-12 product-image-even-white-space-roi row-container \" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"12\"><div class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-13 cropped-image-intermedia-box cropped-image-no-overflow-box \" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"13\" x-remove=\"false\"></div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-14 logo-box column-container\" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"14\" x-overflow-forbidden=\"xy\"><a class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-15\" data-asoch-targets=\"product0,ochLogo\" href=\"https://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&amp;ai=CQ8_-ixD-Y5voHMKNogOahLygBsDemJxv7eH8-IYR6vmq6JEdEAEg5P_aGGDliuaDuA6gAY2omdsCyAEJqQKEFRPQFvdJPqgDAcgD2wSqBKsCT9CvZKQm3EHBM_12tA86ObFQFbPd_ZMcvy7siIGkWtmI7tr9H7uf7eLgmfRYtPB9POWtVUstR7gdqFloPL6R9zBG2XuS_nF69asjp0-dGWgPKMCHAM7YbRBB7CXU7HU_Hu4bHhTuIWcfVcH71w49o5WFVSPWvv8SVRiwtisCo6zt1OksbiZ7fGgOTzilVeKfbG86_K8zAlJMvLPZFZJrnwhkLXpWnA6wNTaGxdQCTIAYVNfJEJhin3eqwSntfXZOUdO4dcYC2Vf0SMkP5niwhB6NtwfOAQeqTXOoGhN4leUDPq1mbgIUrSUAjlAHw7P7CS7kkPz16YBANvQLW08SxeEaxLkrxIM_0M-M5JL8Zmq_RX8f3200MyQXFdt1WKaV1NFhbLonCCl2Gj_ABIzfoOz-A4gF2NLlz0DABQX6BQYIJRABGACQBgGgBi7YBgKAB9vX5qQBiAcBkAcCqAeOzhuoB5PYG6gH7paxAqgH_p6xAqgHpKOxAqgHpr4bqAeaBqgH89EbqAeW2BuoB6qbsQKoB_-esQKoB9-fsQLYBwCgCKDBPbAIAsAIAdIIEggAEAIYGjIBADoHn8CAgICABIAKAZALA5gLAcgLAYAMAbgMAeAS7vKdt9KYivjlAdgTC4IUFxoVd3d3Lndpa2lwcm9jZWR1cmUuY29t0BUBmBYB-BYBgBcB&amp;ae=1&amp;num=1&amp;cid=CAQSkgEA1BOcpnfo7WrC--2nVUsm-uZWa4w6V_WJ6-0-lPfusNazoaEBw1YrJhrV_6D8UmVVDrMMBLJoQWFYMjE8YMqwKWG1HfYqsEZ4YS_pdKbQjp3p1sS3Qh2mzd9QKtssPXKB2D1FiRKc_DQxP3QZsD236jCm1RLYAurFaj72siD-3dpl9Brmp7QOy1GP4xZm21sfUBgB&amp;sig=AOD64_1fMALBMbPjy_GcCrbUdx_MRNwNYg&amp;ctype=5&amp;client=ca-pub-2996699528081700&amp;nb=19&amp;adurl=https://uathayam.in/products/pista-green-with-fixit-fancy-border-dhoti-matching-set-ku10703%3Fvariant%3D39848416182335%26currency%3DINR%26utm_medium%3Dproduct_sync%26utm_source%3Dgoogle%26utm_content%3Dsag_organic%26utm_campaign%3Dsag_organic%26gclid%3DCj0KCQiA6fafBhC1ARIsAIJjL8lpSkITBHULIirCgNEUmTockbI2Cq_3Oa5TIfodSPjX30e_hV2JcGIaAujiEALw_wcB\" target=\"_top\" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"15\"><div class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-16 logo\" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"16\" x-overflow-forbidden=\"xy\"><div class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-17 row-container\" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"17\" x-overflow-forbidden=\"xy\" x-remove=\"false\"><canvas class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-18 logo-image\" height=\"225\" width=\"225\" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"18\" x-remove=\"\"></canvas><div class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-19 column-container promo-brand-box\" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"19\" x-overflow-forbidden=\"trunc\"><div class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-20 promo-text \" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"20\" x-overflow-forbidden=\"trunc\" x-remove=\"0\"><span class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-21\" dir=\"auto\" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"21\" x-score=\"1\">High Quality Cotton Shirts</span></div><div class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-22 brand-name\" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"22\" x-overflow-forbidden=\"xy\" x-remove=\"false\"><span class=\"ns-ej0qs-e-23\" dir=\"auto\" x-ns-ej0qs-e=\"23\" x-score=\"1\">Uathayam</span></div></div></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><script data-jc=\"26\" src=\"https://tpc.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/r20230223/r20110914/client/load_preloaded_resource_fy2021.js\" async data-jc-version=\"r20230223\"></script><script data-jc=\"35\" data-jc-version=\"r20230223\" data-jcp-root-elem=\"#mys-content\" data-jcp-allow-rerender=\"false\" data-jcp-allow-scale=\"false\" data-jcp-allow-upscale=\"false\" data-jcp-viewport-entered-threshold=\"80\">(function(){/* Copyright The Closure Library Authors. SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */ 'use strict';var f=this||self;function h(a){let b=0;return function(c){f.clearTimeout(b);const e=arguments;b=f.setTimeout(function(){a.apply(void 0,e)},100)}};var l,m;a:{for(var n=[\"CLOSURE_FLAGS\"],p=f,q=0;q<n.length;q++)if(p=p[n[q]],null==p){m=null;break a}m=p}var t=m&&m[610401301];l=null!=t?t:!1;var u;const v=f.navigator;u=v?v.userAgentData||null:null;function w(a){return l?u?u.brands.some(({brand:b})=>b&&-1!=b.indexOf(a)):!1:!1}function x(a){var b;a:{if(b=f.navigator)if(b=b.userAgent)break a;b=\"\"}return-1!=b.indexOf(a)};function y(){return l?!!u&&0<u.brands.length:!1}function B(){return y()?w(\"Chromium\"):(x(\"Chrome\")||x(\"CriOS\"))&&!(y()?0:x(\"Edge\"))||x(\"Silk\")};let C=[];const D=()=>{const a=C;C=[];for(const b of a)try{b()}catch{}};var E=a=>{C.push(a);1==C.length&&(window.Promise?Promise.resolve().then(D):window.setImmediate?setImmediate(D):setTimeout(D,0))},G=a=>{var b=F;\"complete\"===b.readyState||\"interactive\"===b.readyState?E(a):b.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",a)},I=a=>{var b=H;\"complete\"===b.document.readyState?E(a):b.addEventListener(\"load\",a)};var F=document,H=window;function J({threshold:a,target:b,i:c,l:e}){if(window.IntersectionObserver){var g=!1;(new IntersectionObserver(k=>{0!==k.length&&k[0].isIntersecting&&(!g&&c&&c(),g=!0,e&&e())},{threshold:a})).observe(b)}};var K=class{constructor(){this.channel=4;(this.g=!(!window.mys||!window.mys.pingback))&&this.setData(43,Date.now()-window.mys.pingback.getBaseTime())}setAttribute(a,b){this.g&&window.mys.pingback.setAttribute(a,b)}setData(a,b){this.g&&window.mys.pingback.setData(a,b,this.channel)}send(a){this.g&&window.mys.pingback.send(a)}h(a){if(this.g){for(const b in a)a.hasOwnProperty(b)&&this.setData(b,a[b]);this.send(void 0)}}};!x(\"Android\")||B();B();x(\"Safari\")&&(B()||(y()?0:x(\"Coast\"))||(y()?0:x(\"Opera\"))||(y()?0:x(\"Edge\"))||(y()?w(\"Microsoft Edge\"):x(\"Edg/\"))||y()&&w(\"Opera\"));var L=class{constructor(a){this.j=a;this.data=[];this.g=[]}setData(a,b,c){this.j.includes(c)&&this.data.push({key:a,value:b,channel:c})}setAttribute(a,b){this.g.push({key:a,value:b})}};var M=class{constructor(){this.channel=4;this.g=new L([this.channel])}setAttribute(a,b){this.g.setAttribute(a,b)}setData(a,b){this.g.setData(a,b,this.channel)}send(){}h(a){for(const b in a)a.hasOwnProperty(b)&&this.setData(b,a[b])}};var N=a=>{var b=window;const c=e=>{let g;try{g=JSON.parse(e.data)}catch(k){return}!g||\"sth\"!==g.googMsgType||a(g,e)};b.addEventListener&&b.addEventListener(\"message\",c,!1)};function O(a,b,c){if(20>b||20>c)return!1;const e=Number(a.getAttribute(\"x-frame-width\"));a=Number(a.getAttribute(\"x-frame-height\"));return e&&a&&e===b&&a===c?!1:!0}function P(a,b){if(!b||\"resize-result\"!=b.msg_type||b.r_status){b=window.innerWidth;var c=window.innerHeight;O(a,b,c)&&(a.setAttribute(\"x-frame-width\",String(b)),a.setAttribute(\"x-frame-height\",String(c)),a.style.width=`${b}px`,a.style.height=`${c}px`,a.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(\"browserRender\")))}} function Q(){var a=R,b=S,c=\"true\"===b[\"allow-rerender\"];const e=\"true\"===b[\"allow-scale\"],g=\"true\"===b[\"allow-upscale\"];a.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(\"browserRender\"));const k=(void 0)?.m()?new M:new K;c?(P(a),c=d=>P(a,d),N(c),window.addEventListener(\"orientationchange\",c),window.addEventListener(\"resize\",c)):e&&(c=h(()=>{var d=window.innerWidth;const r=window.innerHeight,z=Number(a.getAttribute(\"x-frame-width\")),A=Number(a.getAttribute(\"x-frame-height\"));k.h({scale_start:`${z}x${A}x${d}x${r}`}); if(O(a,d,r)&&!(20>Math.abs(z-d)&&20>Math.abs(A-r))||a.style.transform)d=Math.min(d/z,r/A),g||(d=Math.min(1,d)),a.style.transform=1==d?\"\":`scale(${d})`,a.style.webkitTransform=1==d?\"\":`scale(${d})`,k.h({scale_happen:d})}),void 0!=window.AFMA_Communicator&&void 0!=window.AFMA_Communicator.addEventListener&&window.AFMA_Communicator.addEventListener(\"onshow\",c),window.addEventListener(\"resize\",c));G(()=>{a.classList.add(\"dom-content-loaded\")});I(()=>{a.classList.add(\"page-loaded\")});b=Number(b[\"viewport-entered-threshold\"]|| 0);0<b&&J({threshold:Math.min(1,b/100),target:a,i:()=>{a.classList.add(\"viewport-entered\")}})};const T=function(a,b=null){return b&&b.getAttribute(\"data-jc\")===String(a)?b:document.querySelector(`[${\"data-jc\"}=\"${a}\"]`)}(35,document.currentScript);if(null==T)throw Error(\"JSC not found 35\");var S;const U={},V=T.attributes;for(let a=V.length-1;0<=a;a--){const b=V[a].name;0===b.indexOf(\"data-jcp-\")&&(U[b.substring(9)]=V[a].value)}S=U;const W=S[\"root-elem\"];if(W){var R=F.querySelector(W);R&&Q()};}).call(this);</script><script>vu(\"https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/adview?ai\\x3dCUhHrixD-Y5voHMKNogOahLygBsDemJxv7eH8-IYR6vmq6JEdEAEg5P_aGGDliuaDuA6gAY2omdsCyAEJqQKEFRPQFvdJPqgDAcgD2wSqBJwCT9CvZKQm3EHBM_12tA86ObFQFbPd_ZMcvy7siIGkWtmI7tr9H7uf7eLgmfRYtPB9POWtVUstR7gdqFloPL6R9zBG2XuS_nF69asjp0-dGWgPKMCHAM7YbRBB7CXU7HU_Hu4bHhTuIWcfVcH71w49o5WFVSPWvv8SVRiwtisCo6zt1OksbiZ7fGgOTzilVeKfbG86_K8zAlJMvLPZFZJrnwhkLXpWnA6wNTaGxdQCTIAYVNfJEJhin3eqwSntfXZOUdO4dcYC2Vf0SMkP5niwhB6NtwfOAQeqTXOoGhN4leUDPq1mbgIUrSUAjlAHw7P7CS7kkPz1q4Jh3A_L9B_oO6m3ZqMIfkQd8jRNR1I4xQ-71fo196Yl6uW4wdjABIzfoOz-A4gF2NLlz0CSBQQIBBgBkgUECAUYBJIFBAgFGBiSBQUIBRioAZAGAaAGLtgGAoAH29fmpAGIBwGQBwKoB47OG6gHk9gbqAfulrECqAf-nrECqAeko7ECqAemvhvYBwDyBwQQoooBoAigwT2wCALSCBIIABACGBoyAQA6B5_AgICAgASACgHICwHYEwuCFBcaFXd3dy53aWtpcHJvY2VkdXJlLmNvbdAVAZgWAYAXAbIXHAoaCAASFHB1Yi0yOTk2Njk5NTI4MDgxNzAwGAA\\x26sigh\\x3dj9KGcr61Avw\\x26uach_m\\x3d[UACH]\\x26cid\\x3dCAQSkgEA1BOcpnfo7WrC--2nVUsm-uZWa4w6V_WJ6-0-lPfusNazoaEBw1YrJhrV_6D8UmVVDrMMBLJoQWFYMjE8YMqwKWG1HfYqsEZ4YS_pdKbQjp3p1sS3Qh2mzd9QKtssPXKB2D1FiRKc_DQxP3QZsD236jCm1RLYAurFaj72siD-3dpl9Brmp7QOy1GP4xZm21sfUBgB\\x26template_id\\x3d494\")</script><style>div{margin:0;padding:0;}.abgcp{height:15px;padding-right:1px;padding-top:1px;padding-left:9px;padding-bottom:15px;right:0px;top:0px;position:absolute;width:30px;z-index:2147483646;}.abgc{display:block;height:15px;position:absolute;right:1px;top:1px;text-rendering:geometricPrecision;z-index:2147483646;}.abgb{display:inline-block;height:15px;}.abgc,.abgcp,.jar .abgc,.jar .abgcp,.jar .cbb{opacity:1;}.abgc{cursor:pointer;}.cbb{cursor:pointer;height:15px;width:15px;z-index:2147483646;background-color:#ffffff;opacity:0;}.cbb svg{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;height:15px;width:15px;stroke:#00aecd;fill:#00aecd;stroke-width:1.25;}.abgb{position:absolute;right:15px;top:0px;}.cbb{position:absolute;right:0px;top:0px;}.abgs{display:none;height:100%;}.abgl{text-decoration:none;}.abgs svg,.abgb svg{display:inline-block;height:15px;width:auto;vertical-align:top;}.abgc .il-wrap{background-color:#ffffff;height:15px;white-space:nowrap;}.abgc .il-wrap.exp{border-bottom-left-radius:5px;}.abgc .il-text,.abgc .il-icon{display:inline-block;}.abgc .il-text{padding-right:1px;padding-left:5px;height:15px;width:74px;}.abgc .il-icon{height:15px;width:15px;}.abgc .il-text svg{fill:#000000;}.abgc .il-icon svg{fill:#00aecd}</style><div id=\"abgcp\" class=\"abgcp\"><div id=\"abgc\" class=\"abgc\" dir=\"ltr\"><div id=\"abgb\" class=\"abgb\"><div class=\"il-wrap\"><div class=\"il-icon\"><svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" viewBox=\"0 0 15 15\"><path d=\"M7.5,1.5a6,6,0,1,0,0,12a6,6,0,1,0,0,-12m0,1a5,5,0,1,1,0,10a5,5,0,1,1,0,-10ZM6.625,11l1.75,0l0,-4.5l-1.75,0ZM7.5,3.75a1,1,0,1,0,0,2a1,1,0,1,0,0,-2Z\"></path></svg></div></div></div><div id=\"abgs\" class=\"abgs\"><a id=\"abgl\" class=\"abgl\" href=\"https://adssettings.google.com/whythisad?source=display&amp;reasons=AaX5wMtGD7eGnh0iyeT_4mpqLUNX7EUhnmC3ZGkAu0OellpB9Bp0tsGpv3ymaU9HgX888L6_K4TYv3HMLBJ4W2sJz_G7WGePplUKAY0PREZCy5epmU4jx5I1zV_rh3ZMLHhKi_Wkq5IksRd7gvDZU7_cYUGIJ22yeSQhKzDPcMgtRdr3uvF2a9lKfUFb6y8lnD7OIEldeTJCk8FBvpXadLhQwSZ8QmMFeIv4rH0eHjaDiXcJKPOZUTUBTKByq3Xvbn1_3t-Y-pLEw0v7yOfvUjFJHu3h5TT27wcJSvv4rGntKXDAzzhU08WSJpNOIxeinaIgH-amoyEXZ-kPht4ImHyT5e32RMTcZP-gJt8U_YYXPPcDGOWwygf2p-sQ3ewZrIH0mLALgAtMiU1wBRj9OL3dEYM1B2pntN3APfZkKrZFnAyrrVQAKQ_0uwebYQrFjl3J6dPuiVDMHwyHQ2F_AlFmxlHV47xiPeiE8wlTpjAkkXHhT5ZoR-j-T1EzjIEF9c5w5flBWKF-0n0_FZRx77TfZb0j0UMN_FJqVCqkNCw9OFBOT7hOxFAzcKjvmazcHDlMaG91piTxvTp58T6iDjJ0ZTGxh8c2G365Y5o6FAZ2H8X8sJLd24pRTnZFuuQYZRRqd7tLcsmSwokfTWEDjJXARpHG7-KU42zcgN-9yqhqG6MDjNKibea1uSYF8_SXe_sg8CrBdo1PeApLvL18aoOX5jEOSXSnsZ-ZBfIiwI149DfV2qdFMVRUrW8UXfVRcLqWF4WE7XSeTNZp_rNDnbORzXBfOPIe-uQEpYM4eICB7TGTyYgPKbDXJjHk2DfcFNTWc-hBPs2iVp0-kEXNQPAsG0AIl0MrtajsVMyKdYlKTvTug0vY_KISO37z9AQge1aBVc1XxFwt2aOUR3IlovzQMoLdTJpwcp1HfdZ5NZANSDPWZE8dDuPIFIWg255tvI4RCIHVOCcfpfOFmmnQJBW4dZsqpRzbzazkFgKhO5QRuTjUgjYRzfiYd1exY-wK_LASVsqE6IYl-SwQzUEfM_XlDjS5OWws_e3h7gD98AQV6pQHiNMYc-SsXT58LcL38ICAlZUJnSpWBk4KLTJGMWJldeu5kRcx59LsWrn1VHWhd28M77XMDwQs2YJxy6b0GdSaL5GuDAYlbyFnW4U7TH5zK1Zlj2hlQwCEWrn3OskK6_1A89e4tDUg7fysqTeRerfZJCnBhvXfFh76ncfjI6WPGLsugxh0TbDDUK5pZTRcswV_uuKt9onS0v7SrmC_s0weaS1DZ6iovgc0TukxMD5HXjl0nllRdC3S5gigBlvrF5g_Nvg5gmFg8dD_Pqa_2jbE97mlz1J8x6JFeSRwoQR799DaHom0Pb1c70w40Du7WGfeWcPTImp8IpsJ6djP6Z_ko_5ztavnyGE6j0ls_ZxWXxv0oCsrDqFfHxW48OLUQmOrge2JeVIhEtu0sUD9j3m9LPsfmVlKzNJhqoY-4yDGTxRfGFV5fIdQprwBDcdcjKvdDnbZd7TEd1azZFUV2S4uaGq1qHCfel966LPZV6dK-pAdP4DI-9y_bgMO0rQdwQPcLFfNdaphtVK4NxMXlNJtlO9NA8QNto-5BFBsIULm3ohgDkgJhK2YPnO6pmhygpe6WMzqXOAZ9E1XUDO7TLCRcYpl6RuCGisf0OULDJ6Pc_fWfZ2JnX8dGoloaOMSJ2jVDphIqVH9mHITe-1CaVZokcEoyEQgYYOIQ2YUOC39Cs5EclXC56T9ZPtj_l3C5EiN2Bfd4YQhW1PALJxPoJcfKvXJEj6OZijG_-QcHFVSPYu_b-GPW0Pyj6q2K_D19G474z3yjZX3lYJEf5X1auXgj44ej8cjDTyChYBH6XVGhofgv1YZqU48gyBPFbk1JWZnCRZZIS_yczREPW5jmmasgUMDjp5JQx_y5wH5FoNZGETX9cYi18nzikCB96K_MpTbUkQ2emU6wm54bynLkL2SK9JYl5EyWNpNYgpuLcCwL_DS83dtW2dKhVpIsUpI_qeTOaadIo71PE5rT48hH6lFeRW3JkE_sW9wCp_QWmy_RH-DfhEjP0TJYXS8fvbwxtOSBXGItmhj8UhKGUH64zp9-TKCA7qU4vE46-W1GSJrJaotWnHkq6bBNET7\" target=\"_blank\"></a></div><div id=\"cbb\" class=\"cbb\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" viewBox=\"0 0 15 15\"><path d=\"M3.25,3.25l8.5,8.5M11.75,3.25l-8.5,8.5\"/></svg></div></div></div><style>.mute_panel{z-index:2147483646;}.abgac{position:absolute;left:0px;top:0px;z-index:2147483646;display:none;width:100%;height:100%;background-color:#FAFAFA;}.mlsc{height:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}.mls{animation:mlskf 2s linear infinite;height:50%;width:50%;}.mlsd{stroke-dasharray:1,189;stroke-dashoffset:0;animation:mlsdkf 1.4s ease-in-out infinite;}@keyframes mlskf{100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}@keyframes mlsdkf{0%{stroke-dasharray:1,189;stroke-dashoffset:0;}50%{stroke-dasharray:134,189;stroke-dashoffset:-53px;}100%{stroke-dasharray:134,189;stroke-dashoffset:-188px;}}</style><div id=\"mute_panel\" class=\"mute_panel\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><div id=\"abgac\" class=\"abgac\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><div id=\"mlsc\" class=\"mlsc\"><svg class=\"mls\" viewBox=\"50 50 100 100\"><circle class=\"mlsd\" cx=\"100\" cy=\"100\" r=\"30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#9E9E9E\" stroke-width=\"3\"/></svg></div></div></div><script data-jc=\"60\" src=\"https://tpc.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/r20230223/r20110914/abg_lite_fy2021.js\" data-jc-version=\"r20230223\" data-jcp-attribution-data=\"[[null,&quot;https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/images/mtad/x_blue.png&quot;,null,&quot;https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/images/mtad/x_blue.png&quot;,&quot;https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/interaction/?ai=CACQNixD-Y5voHMKNogOahLygBsDemJxv7eH8-IYR6vmq6JEdEAEg5P_aGGDliuaDuA6gAY2omdsCyAEJqQKEFRPQFvdJPqgDAcgD2wSqBKsCT9CvZKQm3EHBM_12tA86ObFQFbPd_ZMcvy7siIGkWtmI7tr9H7uf7eLgmfRYtPB9POWtVUstR7gdqFloPL6R9zBG2XuS_nF69asjp0-dGWgPKMCHAM7YbRBB7CXU7HU_Hu4bHhTuIWcfVcH71w49o5WFVSPWvv8SVRiwtisCo6zt1OksbiZ7fGgOTzilVeKfbG86_K8zAlJMvLPZFZJrnwhkLXpWnA6wNTaGxdQCTIAYVNfJEJhin3eqwSntfXZOUdO4dcYC2Vf0SMkP5niwhB6NtwfOAQeqTXOoGhN4leUDPq1mbgIUrSUAjlAHw7P7CS7kkPz16YBANvQLW08SxeEaxLkrxIM_0M-M5JL8Zmq_RX8f3200MyQXFdt1WKaV1NFhbLonCCl2Gj_ABIzfoOz-A4gF2NLlz0DABQWQBgGgBi7YBgKAB9vX5qQBiAcBkAcCqAeOzhuoB5PYG6gH7paxAqgH_p6xAqgHpKOxAqgHpr4bqAeaBqgH89EbqAeW2BuoB6qbsQKoB_-esQKoB9-fsQLYBwCgCKDBPbAIAtIIEggAEAIYGjIBADoHn8CAgICABIAKAZgLAcgLAYAMAbgMAeAS7vKdt9KYivjlAdgTC4IUFxoVd3d3Lndpa2lwcm9jZWR1cmUuY29t0BUBmBYB-BYBgBcB\\u0026sigh=LUPbnPmuREM\\u0026cid=CAQSkgEA1BOcpnfo7WrC--2nVUsm-uZWa4w6V_WJ6-0-lPfusNazoaEBw1YrJhrV_6D8UmVVDrMMBLJoQWFYMjE8YMqwKWG1HfYqsEZ4YS_pdKbQjp3p1sS3Qh2mzd9QKtssPXKB2D1FiRKc_DQxP3QZsD236jCm1RLYAurFaj72siD-3dpl9Brmp7QOy1GP4xZm21sfUA&quot;,&quot;ndy8Bdlup3oI7eH8-IYRENjS5c9AGKWqhaUBIhRodHRwczovL3VhdGhheWFtLmluLzIICAUTGJD3FRRCF2NhLXB1Yi0yOTk2Njk5NTI4MDgxNzAwSAVYLmDuA3ABqAEB&quot;,[&quot;user_feedback_menu_interaction&quot;,&quot;&quot;,0],null,null,null,null,&quot;What was wrong with this ad?&quot;,null,&quot;https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/images/mtad/back_blue.png&quot;,&quot;Thanks for the feedback!&quot;,&quot;We’ll review this ad to improve your experience in the future.&quot;,&quot;Thanks for the feedback!&quot;,&quot;We’ll use your feedback to review ads on this site.&quot;,&quot;CAQSkgEA1BOcpnfo7WrC--2nVUsm-uZWa4w6V_WJ6-0-lPfusNazoaEBw1YrJhrV_6D8UmVVDrMMBLJoQWFYMjE8YMqwKWG1HfYqsEZ4YS_pdKbQjp3p1sS3Qh2mzd9QKtssPXKB2D1FiRKc_DQxP3QZsD236jCm1RLYAurFaj72siD-3dpl9Brmp7QOy1GP4xZm21sfUBgB&quot;,null,null,&quot;Closing ad: %1$d&quot;,&quot;Ads by Google&quot;,&quot;https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/images/mtad/abg_blue.png&quot;,&quot;https://www.google.com/url?ct=abg\\u0026q=https://www.google.com/adsense/support/bin/request.py%3Fcontact%3Dabg_afc%26url%3Dhttps://www.wikiprocedure.com/index.php/Kerala_-_Modify_or_Correct_Revenue_Records%26gl%3DIN%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dca-pub-2996699528081700%26ai0%3DCACQNixD-Y5voHMKNogOahLygBsDemJxv7eH8-IYR6vmq6JEdEAEg5P_aGGDliuaDuA6gAY2omdsCyAEJqQKEFRPQFvdJPqgDAcgD2wSqBKsCT9CvZKQm3EHBM_12tA86ObFQFbPd_ZMcvy7siIGkWtmI7tr9H7uf7eLgmfRYtPB9POWtVUstR7gdqFloPL6R9zBG2XuS_nF69asjp0-dGWgPKMCHAM7YbRBB7CXU7HU_Hu4bHhTuIWcfVcH71w49o5WFVSPWvv8SVRiwtisCo6zt1OksbiZ7fGgOTzilVeKfbG86_K8zAlJMvLPZFZJrnwhkLXpWnA6wNTaGxdQCTIAYVNfJEJhin3eqwSntfXZOUdO4dcYC2Vf0SMkP5niwhB6NtwfOAQeqTXOoGhN4leUDPq1mbgIUrSUAjlAHw7P7CS7kkPz16YBANvQLW08SxeEaxLkrxIM_0M-M5JL8Zmq_RX8f3200MyQXFdt1WKaV1NFhbLonCCl2Gj_ABIzfoOz-A4gF2NLlz0DABQWQBgGgBi7YBgKAB9vX5qQBiAcBkAcCqAeOzhuoB5PYG6gH7paxAqgH_p6xAqgHpKOxAqgHpr4bqAeaBqgH89EbqAeW2BuoB6qbsQKoB_-esQKoB9-fsQLYBwCgCKDBPbAIAtIIEggAEAIYGjIBADoHn8CAgICABIAKAZgLAcgLAYAMAbgMAeAS7vKdt9KYivjlAdgTC4IUFxoVd3d3Lndpa2lwcm9jZWR1cmUuY29t0BUBmBYB-BYBgBcB\\u0026usg=AOvVaw2bVqut1p-yMZ0O7pisXvFY&quot;,&quot;https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/images/mtad/x_blue.png&quot;,0,[[&quot;Stop seeing this ad&quot;,[&quot;user_feedback_menu_option&quot;,&quot;1&quot;,1],[&quot;What was wrong with this ad?&quot;,[[&quot;Seen this ad multiple times&quot;,[&quot;mute_survey_option&quot;,&quot;2&quot;,1]],[&quot;Ad was inappropriate&quot;,[&quot;mute_survey_option&quot;,&quot;8&quot;,1]],[&quot;Ad covered content&quot;,[&quot;mute_survey_option&quot;,&quot;3&quot;,1]],[&quot;Not interested in this ad&quot;,[&quot;mute_survey_option&quot;,&quot;7&quot;,1]]]],[&quot;user_feedback_undo&quot;,&quot;1&quot;,1]]],[&quot;https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/images/adchoices/iconx2-000000.png&quot;,&quot;AdChoices&quot;,&quot;Ad closed by %1$s&quot;,null,&quot;https://www.gstatic.com/images/branding/googlelogo/2x/googlelogo_dark_color_84x28dp.png&quot;,&quot;Stop seeing this ad&quot;,&quot;We&#39;ll try not to show that ad again&quot;,null,null,null,&quot;https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/images/abg/iconx2-000000.png&quot;,&quot;Ads by Google&quot;,null,&quot;See my Google ad settings&quot;,null,&quot;https://www.gstatic.com&quot;,&quot;&quot;,&quot;Ads by %1$s&quot;,&quot;Ad settings&quot;,&quot;https://adssettings.google.com&quot;,null,null,null,0,null,null,null,0],&quot;AB3afGEAAAcVW1tbW251bGwsWzEsMjFdLG51bGwsbnVsbCx0cnVlLG51bGwsbnVsbCxudWxsLG51bGwsbnVsbCxudWxsLG51bGwsbnVsbCxudWxsLG51bGwsbnVsbCxudWxsLG51bGwsbnVsbCxudWxsLG51bGwsdHJ1ZV0sW251bGwsImh0dHBzOi8vZ29vZ2xlYWRzLmcuZG91YmxlY2xpY2submV0L3BhZ2VhZC9pbnRlcmFjdGlvbi8_YWk9Q0FDUU5peEQtWTV2b0hNS05vZ09haEx5Z0JzRGVtSnh2N2VIOC1JWVI2dm1xNkpFZEVBRWc1UF9hR0dEbGl1YUR1QTZnQVkyb21kc0N5QUVKcVFLRUZSUFFGdmRKUHFnREFjZ0Qyd1NxQktzQ1Q5Q3ZaS1FtM0VIQk1fMTJ0QTg2T2JGUUZiUGRfWk1jdnk3c2lJR2tXdG1JN3RyOUg3dWY3ZUxnbWZSWXRQQjlQT1d0VlVzdFI3Z2RxRmxvUEw2Ujl6QkcyWHVTX25GNjlhc2pwMC1kR1dnUEtNQ0hBTTdZYlJCQjdDWFU3SFVfSHU0YkhoVHVJV2NmVmNINzF3NDlvNVdGVlNQV3Z2OFNWUml3dGlzQ282enQxT2tzYmlaN2ZHZ09UemlsVmVLZmJHODZfSzh6QWxKTXZMUFpGWkpybndoa0xYcFduQTZ3TlRhR3hkUUNUSUFZVk5mSkVKaGluM2Vxd1NudGZYWk9VZE80ZGNZQzJWZjBTTWtQNW5pd2hCNk50d2ZPQVFlcVRYT29HaE40bGVVRFBxMW1iZ0lVclNVQWpsQUh3N1A3Q1M3a2tQejE2WUJBTnZRTFcwOFN4ZUVheExrcnhJTV8wTS1NNUpMOFptcV9SWDhmMzIwME15UVhGZHQxV0thVjFORmhiTG9uQ0NsMkdqX0FCSXpmb096LUE0Z0YyTkxsejBEQUJRV1FCZ0dnQmk3WUJnS0FCOXZYNXFRQmlBY0JrQWNDcUFlT3podW9CNVBZRzZnSDdwYXhBcWdIX3A2eEFxZ0hwS094QXFnSHByNGJxQWVhQnFnSDg5RWJxQWVXMkJ1b0I2cWJzUUtvQl8tZXNRS29COS1mc1FMWUJ3Q2dDS0RCUGJBSUF0SUlFZ2dBRUFJWUdqSUJBRG9IbjhDQWdJQ0FCSUFLQVpnTEFjZ0xBWUFNQWJnTUFlQVM3dktkdDlLWWl2amxBZGdUQzRJVUZ4b1ZkM2QzTG5kcGEybHdjbTlqWldSMWNtVXVZMjl0MEJVQm1CWUItQllCZ0JjQlx1MDAyNnNpZ2g9TFVQYm5QbXVSRU1cdTAwMjZjaWQ9Q0FRU2tnRUExQk9jcG5mbzdXckMtLTJuVlVzbS11WldhNHc2Vl9XSjYtMC1sUGZ1c05hem9hRUJ3MVlySmhyVl82RDhVbVZWRHJNTUJMSm9RV0ZZTWpFOFlNcXdLV0cxSGZZcXNFWjRZU19wZEtiUWpwM3Axc1MzUWgybXpkOVFLdHNzUFhLQjJEMUZpUktjX0RReFAzUVpzRDIzNmpDbTFSTFlBdXJGYWo3MnNpRC0zZHBsOUJybXA3UU95MUdQNHhabTIxc2ZVQSIsW251bGwsbnVsbCxudWxsLCJodHRwczovL2Rpc3BsYXlhZHMtZm9ybWF0cy5nb29nbGV1c2VyY29udGVudC5jb20vYWRzL3ByZXZpZXcvY29udGVudC5qcz9jbGllbnQ9d3RhXHUwMDI2b2JmdXNjYXRlZEN1c3RvbWVySWQ9NDc3MDY0ODYzN1x1MDAyNmNyZWF0aXZlSWQ9NjQ5MDU0MDIwNDY1XHUwMDI2dmVyc2lvbklkPTBcdTAwMjZhZEdyb3VwQ3JlYXRpdmVJZD01ODU5Nzk4NjczNzNcdTAwMjZodG1sUGFyZW50SWQ9cHJldi0wXHUwMDI2aGVpZ2h0PTMwMFx1MDAyNndpZHRoPTQxMlx1MDAyNml0ZW1JZHM9MTY1Njg3ODc4NTYzMjI0MjcyNDYsMjkzNzQ4NTU3OTA4Nzg2NTYxNFx1MDAyNmFsbG93ZWRWYXJpYXRpb25zPTVcdTAwMjZzaWc9QUNpVkJfeFNtWmxtQWpTMWZiWVFNMHJKc3V6OGxSZmtwQSJdLG51bGwsbnVsbCwyLCJuZHk4QmRsdXAzb0k3ZUg4LUlZUkVOalM1YzlBR0tXcWhhVUJJaFJvZEhSd2N6b3ZMM1ZoZEdoaGVXRnRMbWx1THpJSUNBVVRHSkQzRlJSQ0YyTmhMWEIxWWkweU9UazJOams1TlRJNE1EZ3hOekF3U0FWWUxtRHVBM0FCcUFFQiIsIjE3MzQ3MjA5NTYwIl1dXSxbMiwxLDEsMSwxLG51bGwsbnVsbCxudWxsLG51bGwsMSwxXSxbbnVsbCxudWxsLCJJTiJdXXRDoMif-5sAqxNrJLZAds0muAE9nLuiGiOzLZEzvvsQpb4Mh5wzq2pP0IwvHTEyvy_P7WAsM_DC18huUWVaOr0_-dYdxJtrrZ7JHK73kA4ZK4BvegcULBGW_V6kDv5uuDbQaXK7_UQWFFanh5BbHUo3yoSAK5gvy2dCX2_xBA3EhHk8ImdpmrCLheP9z7lwnWA7-cznW51CKcUP368N3Nr5qtSeUdv_uTBuwUffEIyBWtLODf2DAFBG1QpkA4w9gyCV9yELIExYAsyDVkUFp5CodkwYBB56f-32l57uIVprty4LEMb9kZ8xmuEij-tBLhOF-NGKKKlFRVk_k1HxpIg,t7626pIfaBKHPeJEcJwfpQ&quot;,&quot;https://adssettings.google.com/whythisad?source=display\\u0026reasons=AaX5wMtGD7eGnh0iyeT_4mpqLUNX7EUhnmC3ZGkAu0OellpB9Bp0tsGpv3ymaU9HgX888L6_K4TYv3HMLBJ4W2sJz_G7WGePplUKAY0PREZCy5epmU4jx5I1zV_rh3ZMLHhKi_Wkq5IksRd7gvDZU7_cYUGIJ22yeSQhKzDPcMgtRdr3uvF2a9lKfUFb6y8lnD7OIEldeTJCk8FBvpXadLhQwSZ8QmMFeIv4rH0eHjaDiXcJKPOZUTUBTKByq3Xvbn1_3t-Y-pLEw0v7yOfvUjFJHu3h5TT27wcJSvv4rGntKXDAzzhU08WSJpNOIxeinaIgH-amoyEXZ-kPht4ImHyT5e32RMTcZP-gJt8U_YYXPPcDGOWwygf2p-sQ3ewZrIH0mLALgAtMiU1wBRj9OL3dEYM1B2pntN3APfZkKrZFnAyrrVQAKQ_0uwebYQrFjl3J6dPuiVDMHwyHQ2F_AlFmxlHV47xiPeiE8wlTpjAkkXHhT5ZoR-j-T1EzjIEF9c5w5flBWKF-0n0_FZRx77TfZb0j0UMN_FJqVCqkNCw9OFBOT7hOxFAzcKjvmazcHDlMaG91piTxvTp58T6iDjJ0ZTGxh8c2G365Y5o6FAZ2H8X8sJLd24pRTnZFuuQYZRRqd7tLcsmSwokfTWEDjJXARpHG7-KU42zcgN-9yqhqG6MDjNKibea1uSYF8_SXe_sg8CrBdo1PeApLvL18aoOX5jEOSXSnsZ-ZBfIiwI149DfV2qdFMVRUrW8UXfVRcLqWF4WE7XSeTNZp_rNDnbORzXBfOPIe-uQEpYM4eICB7TGTyYgPKbDXJjHk2DfcFNTWc-hBPs2iVp0-kEXNQPAsG0AIl0MrtajsVMyKdYlKTvTug0vY_KISO37z9AQge1aBVc1XxFwt2aOUR3IlovzQMoLdTJpwcp1HfdZ5NZANSDPWZE8dDuPIFIWg255tvI4RCIHVOCcfpfOFmmnQJBW4dZsqpRzbzazkFgKhO5QRuTjUgjYRzfiYd1exY-wK_LASVsqE6IYl-SwQzUEfM_XlDjS5OWws_e3h7gD98AQV6pQHiNMYc-SsXT58LcL38ICAlZUJnSpWBk4KLTJGMWJldeu5kRcx59LsWrn1VHWhd28M77XMDwQs2YJxy6b0GdSaL5GuDAYlbyFnW4U7TH5zK1Zlj2hlQwCEWrn3OskK6_1A89e4tDUg7fysqTeRerfZJCnBhvXfFh76ncfjI6WPGLsugxh0TbDDUK5pZTRcswV_uuKt9onS0v7SrmC_s0weaS1DZ6iovgc0TukxMD5HXjl0nllRdC3S5gigBlvrF5g_Nvg5gmFg8dD_Pqa_2jbE97mlz1J8x6JFeSRwoQR799DaHom0Pb1c70w40Du7WGfeWcPTImp8IpsJ6djP6Z_ko_5ztavnyGE6j0ls_ZxWXxv0oCsrDqFfHxW48OLUQmOrge2JeVIhEtu0sUD9j3m9LPsfmVlKzNJhqoY-4yDGTxRfGFV5fIdQprwBDcdcjKvdDnbZd7TEd1azZFUV2S4uaGq1qHCfel966LPZV6dK-pAdP4DI-9y_bgMO0rQdwQPcLFfNdaphtVK4NxMXlNJtlO9NA8QNto-5BFBsIULm3ohgDkgJhK2YPnO6pmhygpe6WMzqXOAZ9E1XUDO7TLCRcYpl6RuCGisf0OULDJ6Pc_fWfZ2JnX8dGoloaOMSJ2jVDphIqVH9mHITe-1CaVZokcEoyEQgYYOIQ2YUOC39Cs5EclXC56T9ZPtj_l3C5EiN2Bfd4YQhW1PALJxPoJcfKvXJEj6OZijG_-QcHFVSPYu_b-GPW0Pyj6q2K_D19G474z3yjZX3lYJEf5X1auXgj44ej8cjDTyChYBH6XVGhofgv1YZqU48gyBPFbk1JWZnCRZZIS_yczREPW5jmmasgUMDjp5JQx_y5wH5FoNZGETX9cYi18nzikCB96K_MpTbUkQ2emU6wm54bynLkL2SK9JYl5EyWNpNYgpuLcCwL_DS83dtW2dKhVpIsUpI_qeTOaadIo71PE5rT48hH6lFeRW3JkE_sW9wCp_QWmy_RH-DfhEjP0TJYXS8fvbwxtOSBXGItmhj8UhKGUH64zp9-TKCA7qU4vE46-W1GSJrJaotWnHkq6bBNET7&quot;,&quot;Why this ad?&quot;,1,0],null,null,0,null,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,null,0,1,0,null,[[&quot;jake_ui_extension&quot;,&quot;jake_default_ui&quot;]],300,412,0,null,null,0,null,null,&quot;right&quot;,0,0,&quot;r20230223/r20110914&quot;]\"></script><script data-jc=\"22\" src=\"https://tpc.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/r20230223/r20110914/client/window_focus_fy2021.js\" async data-jc-version=\"r20230223\" data-jcp-url=\"https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/interaction/?ai=CACQNixD-Y5voHMKNogOahLygBsDemJxv7eH8-IYR6vmq6JEdEAEg5P_aGGDliuaDuA6gAY2omdsCyAEJqQKEFRPQFvdJPqgDAcgD2wSqBKsCT9CvZKQm3EHBM_12tA86ObFQFbPd_ZMcvy7siIGkWtmI7tr9H7uf7eLgmfRYtPB9POWtVUstR7gdqFloPL6R9zBG2XuS_nF69asjp0-dGWgPKMCHAM7YbRBB7CXU7HU_Hu4bHhTuIWcfVcH71w49o5WFVSPWvv8SVRiwtisCo6zt1OksbiZ7fGgOTzilVeKfbG86_K8zAlJMvLPZFZJrnwhkLXpWnA6wNTaGxdQCTIAYVNfJEJhin3eqwSntfXZOUdO4dcYC2Vf0SMkP5niwhB6NtwfOAQeqTXOoGhN4leUDPq1mbgIUrSUAjlAHw7P7CS7kkPz16YBANvQLW08SxeEaxLkrxIM_0M-M5JL8Zmq_RX8f3200MyQXFdt1WKaV1NFhbLonCCl2Gj_ABIzfoOz-A4gF2NLlz0DABQWQBgGgBi7YBgKAB9vX5qQBiAcBkAcCqAeOzhuoB5PYG6gH7paxAqgH_p6xAqgHpKOxAqgHpr4bqAeaBqgH89EbqAeW2BuoB6qbsQKoB_-esQKoB9-fsQLYBwCgCKDBPbAIAtIIEggAEAIYGjIBADoHn8CAgICABIAKAZgLAcgLAYAMAbgMAeAS7vKdt9KYivjlAdgTC4IUFxoVd3d3Lndpa2lwcm9jZWR1cmUuY29t0BUBmBYB-BYBgBcB&amp;sigh=LUPbnPmuREM&amp;cid=CAQSkgEA1BOcpnfo7WrC--2nVUsm-uZWa4w6V_WJ6-0-lPfusNazoaEBw1YrJhrV_6D8UmVVDrMMBLJoQWFYMjE8YMqwKWG1HfYqsEZ4YS_pdKbQjp3p1sS3Qh2mzd9QKtssPXKB2D1FiRKc_DQxP3QZsD236jCm1RLYAurFaj72siD-3dpl9Brmp7QOy1GP4xZm21sfUA\" data-jcp-gws-id=\"ixD-Y_HjG5uamsMP6O2PyAI\" data-jcp-qem-id=\"CNvZ0L-3uP0CFcKGaAodGgIPZA\"></script><script data-jc=\"23\" src=\"https://tpc.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/r20230223/r20110914/client/qs_click_protection_fy2021.js\" data-jc-version=\"r20230223\"></script><script>googqscp.init([[[[null,1000,99,2,4,null,null,null,1],[null,500,99,2,9,null,null,null,1]]]]);</script><script>window.top.postMessage('{\"msg_type\":\"adsense-labs\",\"key_value\":[{\"key\":\"settings\",\"value\":\"[\\\\\\\"ca-pub-2996699528081700\\\\\\\",[[1]]]\"}],\"googMsgType\":\"sth\"}', '*');</script><img src=\"//www.google.com/ads/measurement/l?ebcid=ALh7CaSTpcfILsXLQQWgVuExaPiaH9jR1_1_IhZbGpegqDp4YW28Ht5RnNOoiMWiYTclV0mZKRbL\" style=\"display:none;\" alt=\"\"></img><div style=\"bottom:0;right:0;width:86px;height:250px;background:initial !important;position:absolute !important;max-width:100% !important;max-height:100% !important;pointer-events:none !important;image-rendering:pixelated !important;z-index:2147483647;background-image:url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACsAAAAWBAMAAACrl3iAAAAABlBMVEUAAAD+AciWmZzWAAAAAnRSTlMAApidrBQAAAB9SURBVBjTbZABDsAgCAPrD/r/1262BdwiM05CLSfAPZbDxyOjqu9OcjIp4A+d7cqWScjJuq51qq/e6b1KW1wJ2ny4Eb2WmqAtg8DcQ8mWnhkmlMAnFj1WuWO6nCRyp//DHV6/c95lFPjKZ4KGuUyw2VudMYb9682w/0hq4g+kUwZqt55T8QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==') !important;\"></div><script data-jc=\"103\" data-jc-version=\"r20230223\" data-jcp-base_url=\"https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/conversion/?ai=CACQNixD-Y5voHMKNogOahLygBsDemJxv7eH8-IYR6vmq6JEdEAEg5P_aGGDliuaDuA6gAY2omdsCyAEJqQKEFRPQFvdJPqgDAcgD2wSqBKsCT9CvZKQm3EHBM_12tA86ObFQFbPd_ZMcvy7siIGkWtmI7tr9H7uf7eLgmfRYtPB9POWtVUstR7gdqFloPL6R9zBG2XuS_nF69asjp0-dGWgPKMCHAM7YbRBB7CXU7HU_Hu4bHhTuIWcfVcH71w49o5WFVSPWvv8SVRiwtisCo6zt1OksbiZ7fGgOTzilVeKfbG86_K8zAlJMvLPZFZJrnwhkLXpWnA6wNTaGxdQCTIAYVNfJEJhin3eqwSntfXZOUdO4dcYC2Vf0SMkP5niwhB6NtwfOAQeqTXOoGhN4leUDPq1mbgIUrSUAjlAHw7P7CS7kkPz16YBANvQLW08SxeEaxLkrxIM_0M-M5JL8Zmq_RX8f3200MyQXFdt1WKaV1NFhbLonCCl2Gj_ABIzfoOz-A4gF2NLlz0DABQWQBgGgBi7YBgKAB9vX5qQBiAcBkAcCqAeOzhuoB5PYG6gH7paxAqgH_p6xAqgHpKOxAqgHpr4bqAeaBqgH89EbqAeW2BuoB6qbsQKoB_-esQKoB9-fsQLYBwCgCKDBPbAIAtIIEggAEAIYGjIBADoHn8CAgICABIAKAZgLAcgLAYAMAbgMAeAS7vKdt9KYivjlAdgTC4IUFxoVd3d3Lndpa2lwcm9jZWR1cmUuY29t0BUBmBYB-BYBgBcB&amp;sigh=LUPbnPmuREM\" data-jcp-cpu_label=\"heavy_ad_intervention_cpu\" data-jcp-net_label=\"heavy_ad_intervention_network\">(function(){'use strict';const c=function(a,b=null){return b&&b.getAttribute(\"data-jc\")===String(a)?b:document.querySelector(`[${\"data-jc\"}=\"${a}\"]`)}(103,document.currentScript);if(null==c)throw Error(\"JSC not found 103\");const f={},g=c.attributes;for(let a=g.length-1;0<=a;a--){const b=g[a].name;0===b.indexOf(\"data-jcp-\")&&(f[b.substring(9)]=g[a].value)} (function(a,b,h){var d=window;a&&b&&h&&d.ReportingObserver&&d.fetch&&(new d.ReportingObserver((e,k)=>{e=e[0];\"HeavyAdIntervention\"===e?.body?.id&&(d.fetch(`${a}&label=${0<(e.body.message?.indexOf(\"network\")||0)?h:b}`,{keepalive:!0,method:\"get\",mode:\"no-cors\"}),k.disconnect())},{types:[\"intervention\"],buffered:!0})).observe()})(f.base_url,f.cpu_label,f.net_label);}).call(this);</script><script id=\"googleActiveViewDisplayScript\" src=\"https://www.googletagservices.com/activeview/js/current/rx_lidar.js?cache=r20110914\"></script><script type=\"text/javascript\">osdlfm();</script><script data-jc=\"70\" src=\"https://www.gstatic.com/mysidia/887cfa9374a0c130d54aa7fe143e0312.js?tag=mysidia_one_click_handler_one_afma_2019\" async data-jc-version=\"r20230223\" data-jcp-expt-ids=\"\" data-jcp-extra-meta=\"[]\" data-jcp-correct-redirect-url-for-och-15-click=\"false\" data-jcp-async-using-fetch=\"false\"></script></body></html>"}" height="300" width="412" title="3rd party ad content" role="region" aria-label="Advertisement" tabindex="0" data-amp-3p-sentinel="1-41139590161503507927" allow="sync-xhr 'none';" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" allowtransparency="" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" sandbox="allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-forms allow-modals allow-pointer-lock allow-popups allow-same-origin allow-scripts" class="i-amphtml-fill-content" id="google_ads_iframe_2"></iframe></amp-ad></div><br><h2 class="SectionHeadings" id="Required_Documents">Required Documents</h2> <div class="SectionEdit">[<a href="https://www.wikiprocedure.com/index.php/Kerala_-_Modify_or_Correct_Revenue_Records&action=edit&section=2" target="_top">edit</a>]</div><hr><div class="InContent"><ul><li>Application fo</li><li>Ration Card</li><li>Proof of Identify – Voter ID</li><li>Proof of Address – Aadhaar Card</li><li>Proof of ownership of property</li><li>Land details (survey, patta details)</li><li>Land Tax</li><li>Encumbrance certificate</li><li>Recent copy of Form F and Map.</li><li>In case of change in name, affidavit executed before a magistrate stating his actual name ( name intended to be incorporated in records and the name appearing in records).</li></ul><dl><dd>Note: In addition to the above, if any other document as required by respective authorities to process should be submitted.</dd></dl><p><br></p><br></div><br><h2 class="SectionHeadings" id="Office">Office Locations & Contacts</h2><br><hr><div class="InContent"><p><b>Directorate of Survey and Land Records,</b><br>Vazhuthacaud, Thiruvananthapuram.<br>Phone: 0471 2325266 | 0471 2321291<br>Email ID: dir-tvm@kerala.gov.in<br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p><h2 class="SectionHeadings" id="Eligibility">Eligibility</h2><p> </p><hr><div class="InContent"><p>Land owners are eligible</p></div><p><br></p><h2 class="SectionHeadings" id="Fees">Fees</h2><hr><div class="InContent"><p>As advised by the respective authorities for the service rendered.</p></div><p><br></p><h2 class="SectionHeadings" id="Validity">Validity</h2><p> </p><div class="SectionEdit"><br></div><hr><p></p><div class="InContent"><ul><li>Usually valid for five years.</li><li>Based on sale, the new owner can avail the facility.</li><li>https://youtu.be/LaQMso9QsNc<br></li></ul></div></div></div></div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-74783684091580723612023-01-21T12:00:00.001+03:002023-01-21T12:05:23.806+03:00reason for eviction Among non-payment of rent, the other common grounds for eviction include engaging in activities that may reduce the utility or value of the rental property, allowing someone else to occupy the property, without due permission of the landlord, using the property for illegal purposes, end of the period of tenancy, etc<div><br></div><div>It is relevant to note that in the case of contractual tenancy, which is granted for a specific period, the landlord will not be entitled to apply for possession of the building for his own <em>bona fide</em> additional accommodation. However, it is necessary for the tenant to establish contractual tenancy under a registered rental agreement where registration is mandated.<br></div><div><br></div><div>In fact, as per a judgment passed by the Supreme Court, <b>a landlord cannot evict a tenant for a minimum period of 5 years if he/she has made the rent payment regularly and in accordance to the signed Rent agreement</b>.<br></div><div><br></div><div><b>Evicting a tenant is only possible when the lease ends or when the landlord cancels the lease by providing a formal notice under Section 106 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882</b>, and if the tenant still refuses to vacate, the landlord will have to file a lawsuit and get an order from the court<br></div><div><br></div><div><h2><strong>Grounds to Evict a Tenant in India</strong></h2><p>The rental laws in India enable the landlords to file an eviction suit against the tenant if there is a justifiable and valid reason for such a measure. Following are the grounds for eviction of a tenant in India:</p><ul class="navbar-header"><li>The tenant has intentionally not paid a mutually agreed rent amount for more than 15 days from the due date.</li><li>The tenant has sublet a rented property to another person without taking the landlord’s permission or providing a written request.</li><li>The tenant has used rented premises for unlawful purposes or other purposes than mentioned in the rental agreement.</li><li>Any action of the tenant has led to the loss of property value or its utility.</li><li>The tenant’s actions are found to be objectionable by the neighborhood and the landlord has received a complaint against the tenant.</li><li>The tenant has intentionally refuted the landlord’s title in the rented property for an unknown reason.</li><li>The landlord needs their property for own occupation or for any family member.</li><li>The landlord needs their property for repairs and renovation which otherwise is not possible unless the property is vacated.</li><li>The landlord intends to construct another building that requires demolition of the propert</li></ul><div><div class="content"><div class="blog-container"><div class="contain margin"><div><div class="post-title"><p>How do you evict a tenant, as per Rights of Tenant in India?</p></div></div><div><div class="post-desc"><p>Evicting a tenant can be a huge stress for a landlord if the said tenant isn't paying the rent or not vacating the property. However, the eviction of a tenant by the landlord are laid down by various state laws in India. So let's explore the ways a landlord can legally evict a tenant through a justifiable and valid reason for doing so.</p></div></div></div><div class="to-share"><div class="pub-date"><br></div><div><amp-img alt="Twitter share link" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined i-amphtml-element i-amphtml-built i-amphtml-layout" height="28" i-amphtml-layout="fixed" src="https://d32b5joreyushd-cloudfront-net.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/AW/s/d32b5joreyushd.cloudfront.net/static/landing/assets/amp_assets/twitter_color_blog.svg" srcset="https://d32b5joreyushd-cloudfront-net.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w39/s/d32b5joreyushd.cloudfront.net/static/landing/assets/amp_assets/twitter_color_blog.svg 39w, https://d32b5joreyushd-cloudfront-net.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w56/s/d32b5joreyushd.cloudfront.net/static/landing/assets/amp_assets/twitter_color_blog.svg 56w, https://d32b5joreyushd-cloudfront-net.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w100/s/d32b5joreyushd.cloudfront.net/static/landing/assets/amp_assets/twitter_color_blog.svg 100w" width="28"><a href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://myadvo.in/blog/how-to-legally-evict-a-tenant-in-india/amp/&&hashtags=MyAdvo" target="_top"><br></a></amp-img></div></div><section><div class="contain"><div class="blog-bigger-text blog-content"><p>Finding a tenant is easy, and is one of the most convenient ways to earn money, however, a person takes a huge risk in lending out his property to a stranger. Especially, sometimes, when it comes to the situation where you need to evict the tenant who is neither paying the rent nor vacating the property. Nowadays, landlords take extreme precautions to avoid such situations and are well-versed with the rules and regulations relating to the rental laws, rights of landlords and <a href="https://www.myadvo.in/blog/Right-of-protection-from-Eviction-Tenants-justif/" target="_blank">tenants in India</a> mentioned under the <a href="http://goaprintingpress.gov.in/?media_dl=409" target="_blank">Rent Control Act</a> passed by the Government of India in 1948. This Act was implemented by the State Governments to regulate the rentals of the properties and evictions of the tenants. Under this Act, a Rent Agreement needs to be signed between the landlord and the tenant stating the details of the rented property, the rent period, monthly rent amount and the parties involved.</p><h2><strong>Table of Content:</strong></h2><ol><li>Grounds to Evict a Tenant in India</li><li>How to Evict a Tenant in India?</li><li>How to avoid illegal eviction in India?</li><li>What are the steps to take if the tenant doesn't pay the rent?</li><li>Frequently Asked Questions</li></ol><h2><strong>Grounds to Evict a Tenant in India</strong></h2><p>The rental laws in India enable the landlords to file an eviction suit against the tenant if there is a justifiable and valid reason for such a measure. Following are the grounds for eviction of a tenant in India:</p><ul><li>The tenant has intentionally not paid a mutually agreed rent amount for more than 15 days from the due date.</li><li>The tenant has sublet a rented property to another person without taking the landlord’s permission or providing a written request.</li><li>The tenant has used rented premises for unlawful purposes or other purposes than mentioned in the rental agreement.</li><li>Any action of the tenant has led to the loss of property value or its utility.</li><li>The tenant’s actions are found to be objectionable by the neighborhood and the landlord has received a complaint against the tenant.</li><li>The tenant has intentionally refuted the landlord’s title in the rented property for an unknown reason.</li><li>The landlord needs their property for own occupation or for any family member.</li><li>The landlord needs their property for repairs and renovation which otherwise is not possible unless the property is vacated.</li><li>The landlord intends to construct another building that requires demolition of the property.</li></ul><h2><amp-youtube class="i-amphtml-layout-responsive i-amphtml-layout-size-defined i-amphtml-element i-amphtml-built i-amphtml-media-component i-amphtml-video-interface i-amphtml-layout" data-videoid="54vOmGVSGnk" height="294" i-amphtml-layout="responsive" layout="responsive" width="330"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc"></i-amphtml-sizer><br><br></amp-youtube></h2><h2><strong>How to Evict a Tenant in India?</strong></h2><p>After establishing the grounds for the eviction, the following procedure needs to be followed:</p><p><strong>Stage I -</strong> <strong>Send a Notice to the Tenant to Vacate: </strong>An eviction notice needs to be filed in a court under the appropriate jurisdiction mentioning the reason for eviction and the time and date by which the tenant has to vacate the property and is then sent to the tenant to vacate the rental property. The landlord must give a reasonable time to the tenant to vacate the rented property. In the majority of cases, the tenants leave the rented premises after receiving a legal notice from the court.</p><p><strong>Stage II - File an Eviction Suit: </strong>The tenant may refuse to vacate the rented property after receiving the court’s eviction notice and contest the eviction. In this case, the landlord can hire a rental property lawyer to file an eviction suit against the tenant. The suit for eviction of the tenant is filed in a civil court under whose jurisdiction the rented property is situated.</p><p><strong>Stage III - Final Eviction Notice: </strong>The court hears both sides and issues a final <a href="https://www.myadvo.in/blog/how-to-send-a-legal-notice/" target="_blank">legal notice</a> for eviction for the tenant based on the arguments and evidence present. The tenant has to vacate the rented property once the court sends the final eviction notice.</p><p>This is the tenant eviction process in India, however, the eviction of the tenant without a rental agreement is difficult as there is no proof of property being given on rent to the tenant.</p><div class="content"><div class="blog-container"><div class="contain margin"><div><div class="post-title"><p>How do you evict a tenant, as per Rights of Tenant in India?</p></div></div><div><div class="post-desc"><p>Evicting a tenant can be a huge stress for a landlord if the said tenant isn't paying the rent or not vacating the property. However, the eviction of a tenant by the landlord are laid down by various state laws in India. So let's explore the ways a landlord can legally evict a tenant through a justifiable and valid reason for doing s</p></div></div></div><div class="to-share"><a href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https://myadvo.in/blog/how-to-legally-evict-a-tenant-in-india/amp/&&hashtags=MyAdvo" target="_top"><amp-img alt="Twitter share link" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined i-amphtml-element i-amphtml-built i-amphtml-layout" height="28" i-amphtml-layout="fixed" src="https://d32b5joreyushd-cloudfront-net.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/AW/s/d32b5joreyushd.cloudfront.net/static/landing/assets/amp_assets/twitter_color_blog.svg" srcset="https://d32b5joreyushd-cloudfront-net.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w39/s/d32b5joreyushd.cloudfront.net/static/landing/assets/amp_assets/twitter_color_blog.svg 39w, https://d32b5joreyushd-cloudfront-net.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w56/s/d32b5joreyushd.cloudfront.net/static/landing/assets/amp_assets/twitter_color_blog.svg 56w, https://d32b5joreyushd-cloudfront-net.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w100/s/d32b5joreyushd.cloudfront.net/static/landing/assets/amp_assets/twitter_color_blog.svg 100w" width="28"><br></amp-img></a></div><section><div class="padding-zero"><amp-img alt="How to evict a tenant in India" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed-height i-amphtml-layout-size-defined i-amphtml-element i-amphtml-built i-amphtml-layout" height="140" i-amphtml-layout="fixed-height" src="https://d32b5joreyushd-cloudfront-net.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/AW/s/d32b5joreyushd.cloudfront.net/media/post/2019-02-12_055500.6614200000.jpg"></amp-img></div></section><section><div class="contain"><div class="blog-bigger-text blog-content"><p>the most convenient ways to earn money, however, a person takes a huge risk in lending out his property to a stranger. Especially, sometimes, when it comes to the situation where you need to evict the tenant who is neither paying the rent nor vacating the property. Nowadays, landlords take extreme precautions to avoid such situations and are well-versed with the rules and regulations relating to the rental laws, rights of landlords and <a href="https://www.myadvo.in/blog/Right-of-protection-from-Eviction-Tenants-justif/" target="_blank">tenants in India</a> mentioned under the <a href="http://goaprintingpress.gov.in/?media_dl=409" target="_blank">Rent Control Act</a> passed by the Government of India in 1948. This Act was implemented by the State Governments to regulate the rentals of the properties and evictions of the tenants. Under this Act, a Rent Agreement needs to be signed between the landlord and the tenant stating the details of the rented property, the rent period, monthly rent amount and the parties involved.</p><h2><strong>Table of Content:</strong></h2><ol><li>Grounds to Evict a Tenant in India</li><li>How to Evict a Tenant in India?</li><li>How to avoid illegal eviction in India?</li><li>What are the steps to take if the tenant doesn't pay the rent?</li><li>Frequently Asked Questions</li></ol><h2><strong>Grounds to Evict a Tenant in India</strong></h2><p>The rental laws in India enable the landlords to file an eviction suit against the tenant if there is a justifiable and valid reason for such a measure. Following are the grounds for eviction of a tenant in India:</p><ul><li>The tenant has intentionally not paid a mutually agreed rent amount for more than 15 days from the due date.</li><li>The tenant has sublet a rented property to another person without taking the landlord’s permission or providing a written request.</li><li>The tenant has used rented premises for unlawful purposes or other purposes than mentioned in the rental agreement.</li><li>Any action of the tenant has led to the loss of property value or its utility.</li><li>The tenant’s actions are found to be objectionable by the neighborhood and the landlord has received a complaint against the tenant.</li><li>The tenant has intentionally refuted the landlord’s title in the rented property for an unknown reason.</li><li>The landlord needs their property for own occupation or for any family member.</li><li>The landlord needs their property for repairs and renovation which otherwise is not possible unless the property is vacated.</li><li>The landlord intends to construct another building that requires demolition of the property.</li></ul><h2><amp-youtube class="i-amphtml-layout-responsive i-amphtml-layout-size-defined i-amphtml-element i-amphtml-built i-amphtml-media-component i-amphtml-video-interface i-amphtml-layout" data-videoid="54vOmGVSGnk" height="294" i-amphtml-layout="responsive" layout="responsive" width="330"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc"></i-amphtml-sizer><br><br></amp-youtube></h2><h2><strong>How to Evict a Tenant in India?</strong></h2><p>After establishing the grounds for the eviction, the following procedure needs to be followed:</p><p><strong>Stage I -</strong> <strong>Send a Notice to the Tenant to Vacate: </strong>An eviction notice needs to be filed in a court under the appropriate jurisdiction mentioning the reason for eviction and the time and date by which the tenant has to vacate the property and is then sent to the tenant to vacate the rental property. The landlord must give a reasonable time to the tenant to vacate the rented property. In the majority of cases, the tenants leave the rented premises after receiving a legal notice from the court.</p><p><strong>Stage II - File an Eviction Suit: </strong>The tenant may refuse to vacate the rented property after receiving the court’s eviction notice and contest the eviction. In this case, the landlord can hire a rental property lawyer to file an eviction suit against the tenant. The suit for eviction of the tenant is filed in a civil court under whose jurisdiction the rented property is situated.</p><p><strong>Stage III - Final Eviction Notice: </strong>The court hears both sides and issues a final <a href="https://www.myadvo.in/blog/how-to-send-a-legal-notice/" target="_blank">legal notice</a> for eviction for the tenant based on the arguments and evidence present. The tenant has to vacate the rented property once the court sends the final eviction notice.</p><p>This is the tenant eviction process in India, however, the eviction of the tenant without a rental agreement is difficult as there is no proof of property being given on rent to the tenant.</p><div class="row box"><div class="row box1"><div class="col-xs-12"><br></div></div></div><h2>How to avoid illegal eviction in India?</h2><p>The Supreme Court of India has laid down that landlords cannot evict a tenant for at least 5 years if the rent is being paid regularly unless the landlord genuinely needs the property for himself/herself. There are other things that must be avoided while evicting a tenant, like:</p><ul><li>The rent agreement must be drafted with the help of a property lawyer and include relevant provisions relating to the use of property, termination of rent agreement, rent amount, etc.</li><li>Rent agreement must be for only 11 months and provide a clause of optional renewal. It offers protection against eviction complications in the future.</li><li>The grounds of eviction must be justifiable under the State’s rental laws in which the property is situated.</li><li>The landlord must not take wrongful eviction measures such as cut-off basic utilities like electricity or water, alter locking mechanism of the tenanted property, throw away tenant’s belongings from the rented property or take penalizing measures by his own. These are criminal offences and tenant has the right to file charges against the landlord if found guilty of such conduct.</li><li>The landlord must not evict a tenant without sending eviction notice.</li><li>A background check must be conducted before renting the property to someone.</li></ul><h2>What are the steps to take if the tenant doesn't pay the rent?</h2><p>The lease agreement ideally should include courses of action in case of non-payment of rent. Nonetheless, non-payment of rent due is one of the common grounds across state tenancy acts for the eviction of a tenant. A legal notice could be sent to the tenant in question, with details on the rent due, asking the tenant to comply or vacate, and the course of action you’re going to embark on if the tenant does not respond either way.</p><h2><strong>Frequently Asked Questions:</strong></h2><p class="faq-question">Do tenants have rights without a lease?</p><p class="faq-answer">For tenancies that are longer than month-to-month, the landlord cannot end the tenancy without cause until the end of the term. However, the landlord does not need to give the tenant notice to move out at the end of the term unless the lease specifically requires it.</p><p class="faq-question">Can I call the police to evict a tenant?</p><p class="faq-answer">No matter how bad the problem is, you cannot kick the tenant out of the property, make threats, or change the locks or turn off the utilities. This is called a “ self-help eviction,” and is illegal. You need to issue an eviction notice from the court before a legal eviction can occur.</p><p class="faq-question">What are the rights of the tenants without a lease in India? </p><p class="faq-answer">You don’t necessarily need a lease to become a tenant of a property. This kind of tenancy is called tenancy at will. The respective states have their own state laws in this regard as regards tenancy; these laws are applied in their respective jurisdictions. For instance, the state of West Bengal follows the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act 1977. The strongest right that the tenant has is the right against eviction.</p><p class="faq-question">What to do if the tenant is not paying the rent?</p><p class="faq-answer">The lease agreement ideally should include courses of action in case of non-payment of rent. Nonetheless, non-payment of rent due is one of the common grounds across state tenancy acts for the eviction of a tenant. A legal notice could be sent to the tenant in question, with details on the rent due, asking the tenant to comply or vacate, and the course of action you’ re going to embark on if the tenant does not respond either way.</p><p class="faq-question">How long can tenant stay without paying rent? </p><p class="faq-answer">This question primarily depends on the lease agreement as well. It could have provisions setting out the time period threshold after which the tenant can stay no more. Lease agreements could have clauses on a ‘grace period’ up to which a tenant can stay without rent. Furthermore, negotiations can also pave the way to deciding the amount of time a tenant can live without rent.</p><p class="faq-question">How can I evict a tenant without a lease in India? </p><p class="faq-answer">Since the respective state laws cover tenancy at will, eviction could be done as per the provisions under the respective legislations. Among non-payment of rent, the other common grounds for eviction include engaging in activities that may reduce the utility or value of the rental property, allowing someone else to occupy the property, without due permission of the landlord, using the property for illegal purposes, end of the period of tenancy, etc. An eviction notice has to be sent before initiation of eviction.</p><p class="faq-question">What can I do if a tenant refuses to move out? </p><p class="faq-answer">If the tenant does not comply with the legal grounds and refuses to move out, an eviction procedure could be started. Valid grounds for moving the court for eviction are the failure to pay rent and refusal to move outpost the end of lease period.</p><p class="faq-question">What happens if the tenant refuses to leave after the eviction notice has been served? </p><p class="faq-answer">Non-compliance to the eviction notice would entail court action as and when the landlord chooses to start one.</p><p class="faq-question">On what grounds can a tenant be evicted?</p><p class="faq-answer">Some legitimate reasons you can evict a tenant for are: Non-payment of Rent Lease Violation Property Damage Illegal or Drug-Related Activities Expiration of Lease</p><p class="faq-answer"><br></p></div></div></section></div></div></div></div></section></div></div></div></div><div><br></div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-3565266590077418302023-01-04T03:53:00.001+03:002023-01-04T03:53:19.527+03:00Can a Sale Deed Be Cancelled After the Property Mutation Has Been Completed?<div><br></div><div><header class="m-header with-picture js-header headroom headroom--not-bottom headroom--not-top headroom--unpinned"><div class="m-mobile-topbar aos-init aos-animate" data-aos="fade-down"><a href="https://tealindia.in/" class="m-logo in-mobile-topbar"><img src="https://tealindia.in/content/images/2021/06/teal_logo.svg" alt="Learnings on the land and property markets"></a><button class="m-icon-button in-mobile-topbar js-open-search" aria-label="Open search"><span class="icon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span></button></div><div class="m-menu js-menu"><button class="m-icon-button outlined as-close-menu js-close-menu" aria-label="Close menu"><span class="icon-close"></span></button><div class="m-menu__main aos-init aos-animate" data-aos="fade-down"><div class="l-wrapper"><div class="m-nav js-main-nav"><nav class="m-nav__left js-main-nav-left" role="navigation" aria-label="Main menu"><ul><li class="more"><a class="js-open-secondary-menu" aria-expanded="false"><span class="icon-chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li><li class="nav-white-papers"><a href="https://tealindia.in/insights/tag/white-papers/"></a></li><li class="nav-real-estate-trends"><a href="https://tealindia.in/insights/tag/real-estate-trends/"></a></li><li class="nav-explainers"><a href="https://tealindia.in/insights/tag/explainers/"></a></li><li class="nav-how-to-series"><a href="https://tealindia.in/insights/tag/how-to-series/"></a></li><li class="submenu-option js-submenu-option"><div class="m-submenu js-submenu"><div class="l-wrapper in-submenu"><section class="m-recent-articles"><h3 class="m-submenu-title in-recent-articles"></h3><div class="glide js-recent-slider glide--ltr glide--slider glide--swipeable"><div class="glide__track" data-glide-el="track"><div class="glide__slides"><div class="glide__slide glide__slide--active"><a href="https://tealindia.in/insights/can-you-take-2-loans-on-the-same-house/" class="m-recent-article"><div class="m-recent-article__picture "><img src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1559067096-d109b66fd5af?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=MnwxMTc3M3wwfDF8c2VhcmNofDI5fHxsb2FufGVufDB8fHx8MTY2OTYyMzQxMQ&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&q=80&w=2000" loading="lazy" alt=""></div><h3 class="m-recent-article__title js-recent-article-title" title="Can You Take Two Loans on the Same House?"></h3><span class="m-recent-article__date"></span></a></div><div class="glide__slide"><a href="https://tealindia.in/insights/what-is-property-tax-how-much-do-i-have-to-pay/" class="m-recent-article"><div class="m-recent-article__picture "><img src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1524351543168-8e38787614e9?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=MnwxMTc3M3wwfDF8c2VhcmNofDE4fHxhYnN0cmFjdCUyMHBhdHRlcm58ZW58MHx8fHwxNjY5MDEwNTI3&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&q=80&w=2000" loading="lazy" alt=""></div><h3 class="m-recent-article__title js-recent-article-title" title="What is Property tax? How much do I have to pay?"></h3><span class="m-recent-article__date"></span></a></div><div class="glide__slide"><a href="https://tealindia.in/insights/what-is-stamp-duty-how-much-do-i-have-to-pay/" class="m-recent-article"><div class="m-recent-article__picture "><img src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527593858301-56d85bdb0d3f?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=MnwxMTc3M3wwfDF8c2VhcmNofDE4fHxzdGFtcCUyMGR1dHl8ZW58MHx8fHwxNjY4NTk1NzU5&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&q=80&w=2000" loading="lazy" alt=""></div><h3 class="m-recent-article__title js-recent-article-title" title="What is Stamp Duty? How Much Do I Have to Pay?"></h3><span class="m-recent-article__date"></span></a></div><div class="glide__slide"><a href="https://tealindia.in/insights/property-inheritance-in-india/" class="m-recent-article"><div class="m-recent-article__picture "><img src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1667793082881-fe34835b2bda?crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&fit=max&fm=jpg&ixid=MnwxMTc3M3wwfDF8YWxsfDEwfHx8fHx8Mnx8MTY2NzgyODc5MQ&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&q=80&w=2000" loading="lazy" alt=""></div><h3 class="m-recent-article__title js-recent-article-title" title="Property inheritance in India"></h3><span class="m-recent-article__date"></span></a></div></div></div></div></section><section class="m-tags"><h3 class="m-submenu-title"></h3><ul><li><a href="https://tealindia.in/insights/tag/1-march-2021/"></a></li><li><a href="https://tealindia.in/insights/tag/2022/"></a></li><li><a href="https://tealindia.in/insights/tag/affordability/"></a></li><li><a href="https://tealindia.in/insights/tag/affordable-housing/"></a></li><li><a href="https://tealindia.in/insights/tag/agents/"></a></li><li><a href="https://tealindia.in/insights/tag/agricultural/"></a></li><li><a href="https://tealindia.in/insights/tag/agricultural-land/"></a></li><li><a href="https://tealindia.in/insights/tag/ahmedabad/"></a></li><li><a href="https://tealindia.in/insights/tag/ahp/"></a></li><li><a href="https://tealindia.in/insights/tag/allotment-letters/"></a></li></ul></section></div></div></li></ul></nav><div class="m-nav__right"><div class="m-toggle-darkmode js-tooltip" data-tippy-content="Toggle dark mode" tabindex="0"><label for="toggle-darkmode" class="sr-only"></label><input id="toggle-darkmode" type="checkbox" class="js-toggle-darkmode" checked="checked"><div><span class="icon-sunny sun" aria-hidden="true"></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></header><main class="main-wrap"><section class="m-hero with-picture aos-init aos-animate" data-aos="fade"><div class="m-hero__picture in-post"><img srcset="
/content/images/size/w300/2021/06/pexels-ryutaro-tsukata-6249395.jpg 300w,
/content/images/size/w600/2021/06/pexels-ryutaro-tsukata-6249395.jpg 600w,
/content/images/size/w1000/2021/06/pexels-ryutaro-tsukata-6249395.jpg 1000w,
/content/images/size/w2000/2021/06/pexels-ryutaro-tsukata-6249395.jpg 2000w
" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 600px, (max-width: 1000px) 1000px, 2000px" src="https://tealindia.in/content/images/size/w1000/2021/06/pexels-ryutaro-tsukata-6249395.jpg" alt=""></div></section><article><div class="l-content in-post"><div class="l-wrapper in-post js-aos-wrapper aos-init aos-animate" data-aos-delay="300"><div class="l-post-content js-progress-content"><header class="m-heading"><h1 class="m-heading__title in-post">Can a Sale Deed Be Cancelled After the Property Mutation Has Been Completed?</h1><div class="m-heading__meta"><a href="https://tealindia.in/insights/tag/delhi-ncr/" class="m-heading__meta__tag">Delhi-NCR</a><span class="m-heading__meta__divider" aria-hidden="true">•</span><span class="m-heading__meta__time">Apr 21, 2021</span></div></header><div class="pos-relative js-post-content"><div class="m-share"><div class="m-share__content js-sticky"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://tealindia.in/insights/can-a-sale-deed-be-cancelled-after-the-mutation-has-been-completed/" class="m-icon-button filled in-share" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="Facebook"><span class="icon-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Can%20a%20Sale%20Deed%20Be%20Cancelled%20After%20the%20Property%20Mutation%20Has%20Been%20Completed%3F&url=https://tealindia.in/insights/can-a-sale-deed-be-cancelled-after-the-mutation-has-been-completed/" class="m-icon-button filled in-share" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="Twitter"><span class="icon-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https://tealindia.in/insights/can-a-sale-deed-be-cancelled-after-the-mutation-has-been-completed/" class="m-icon-button filled in-share" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="Linkedin"><span class="icon-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><button class="m-icon-button filled in-share progress js-scrolltop" aria-label="Scroll to top"><span class="icon-arrow-top" aria-hidden="true"></span><svg aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 31 31"><circle class="progress-ring__circle js-progress" fill="transparent" r="14.5" stroke-width="2" cx="15.5" cy="15.5"></circle></svg></button></div></div><p>It is possible to cancel the registration of your conveyance or title deeds (sale, gift, exchange, transfer) by registering a cancellation deed. A cancellation deed is a legal document that extinguishes any rights the buyer of a property may have had to it. It cancels the property transfer that had taken place from the buyer to the seller. It must be signed by both, the buyer and the seller.</p><h3 id="mutation">MUTATION</h3><p>Whenever there is a change in the ownership of a property, it is important that the new owner updates the revenue records of the municipal authorities, so that they can charge property tax from her/him. The process of recording the change in ownership in the revenue records of the municipal authorities is called ‘mutation’. Mutation is referred to as ‘<em>Dakhil Kharji</em>’ and <em>‘Intekal</em>’ in Hindi. A mutation certificate is required when the new owner applies for a water or electricity connection.</p><h2 id="so-can-a-sale-deed-be-cancelled-after-the-mutation-of-your-property-has-taken-place">So can a sale deed be cancelled after the mutation of your property has taken place?</h2><p>It is possible to register your cancellation deed even after mutation has taken place. However, once the rights to your property have been extinguished by the registration of a cancellation deed, i.e., once you are no longer its owner, the new owner will have to undertake the property mutation. It is important that the municipal records always show the true ownership of the property.</p><p>To understand the process of registering cancellation deeds in Mumbai, take a look at our article- <a href="https://www.tealindia.in/blogs/2021/1/22/cancellation-deed-registration-trend-in-mumbai-and-everything-you-need-to-know-about-registering-one?rq=cancel">‘Cancellation Deeds- Registration Trend in Mumbai and How to Register</a>’.</p><h2 id="what-happens-if-you-don%E2%80%99t-mutate-your-property-on-time">What happens if you don’t mutate your property on time?</h2><p>Property mutation should be done within <strong>six months </strong>of its purchase<strong>.</strong> A minimal penalty of ₹25 in Delhi is levied on the owner if s/he fails to mutate her/his property on time.</p><p><em>Photo by Ryutaro Tsukata from Pexels.</em></p><hr><p>At TEAL, we are building the next generation of property due diligence using big data analytics and machine learning. We provide reliable information about property ownership, registration status, disputes, tax compliance history and all other information that you will need to make a safe and secure property investment. To learn how TEAL can help you in</p></div></div></div></div></article></main></div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-46296670062734835252023-01-04T03:40:00.001+03:002023-01-09T14:37:51.142+03:00എന്താണ് തീറാധാരം / വില ആധാരം (Sale Deed)?<p>ഭൂമി കൈമാറ്റത്തിന്റെ രേഖയാണ് ആധാരം. മുദ്രപത്രത്തിൽ അംഗീകൃതരീതിയിൽ രേഖപ്പെടുത്തി, രജിസ്ട്രാർ വകുപ്പിന്റെ കീഴിലുള്ള രജിസ്ട്രാർ ഓഫീസിൽ രജിസ്റ്റർ ചെയ്താണ് ആധാരം സാധുവാകുന്നത്.</p><p>ആധാരം വിവിധ തരത്തിൽ ഉണ്ട്. തീറാധാരം (Sale Deed), തീറാധാരം (Sale Deed), ദാനാധാരം(Gift Deed), പരസ്പര കൈമാറ്റാധാരം(Exchange of Property), ജാമ്യാധാരം, പണയധാരം, തെറ്റ് തിരുത്താധാരം (Correction Deed), റദ്ധാധാരം(Cancellation Deed), ഒറ്റി ആധാരം. പേരുകളുടെ അർത്ഥ സൂചനകൾ മനസിലാക്കിയാൽ ഓരോന്നും എന്തിനുള്ള/സംബന്ധിച്ച ആധാരമെന്നു മനസിലാക്കാം.</p><p><strong>എന്താണ് തീറാധാരം (Sale Deed)?</strong><br>പ്രതിഫലം പറ്റിക്കൊണ്ട് ആര്ക്കു വേണമെങ്കിലും രജിസ്റ്റർ ചെയ്തു കൊടുക്കാവുന്ന ആധാരം. ഭൂമി, കെട്ടിടം തുടങ്ങിയ മുതലുകൾ കൈമാറ്റം ചെയ്യുന്നതിന് തയ്യാറാക്കുന്ന രേഖ. സാധാരണ വസ്തു കച്ചവടം നടക്കുന്നത് തീറാധാരം മുഖേന ആണ്.</p><hr>Note:ഭൂമി കൈമാറ്റത്തിന്റെ രേഖയാണ് ആധാരം. മുദ്രപത്രത്തിൽ അംഗീകൃതരീതിയിൽ രേഖപ്പെടുത്തി, രജിസ്ട്രാർ വകുപ്പിന്റെ കീഴിലുള്ള രജിസ്ട്രാർ ഓഫീസിൽ രജിസ്റ്റർ ചെയ്താണ് ആധാരം സാധുവാകുന്നത്. ഒസ്യത്ത് വഴിയോ, കൈമാറ്റം വഴിയോ നടക്കുന്ന ഭൂമിയിടപാടുകൾ ഇത്തരത്തിൽ സർക്കാർ അംഗീകാരം നേടേണ്ടതാണ്.<p>ഒരേ സ്ഥലത്തിന്റെ പഴയ ആധാരങ്ങൾ നിലവിലുണ്ടെങ്കിൽ അവയെ മുന്നാധാരം – കീഴാധാരങ്ങൾ- അടിയാധാരങ്ങൾ – Prior Documents എന്ന് പറയപ്പെടുന്നു.</p><p>ആധാരം വിവിധ തരത്തിൽ ഉണ്ട്. തീറാധാരം (Sale Deed), ദാനാധാരം(Gift Deed), പരസ്പര കൈമാറ്റാധാരം(Exchange of Property), ജാമ്യാധാരം, പണയധാരം, തെറ്റ് തിരുത്താധാരം (Correction Deed), റദ്ധാധാരം(Cancellation Deed), ഒറ്റി ആധാരം.<br>പേരുകളുടെ അർത്ഥ സൂചനകൾ മനസിലാക്കിയാൽ ഓരോന്നും എന്തിനുള്ള/സംബന്ധിച്ച ആധാരമെന്നു മനസിലാക്കാം.</p><p><br></p><p>Dhana nischayam literally means commitment of wealth by one person to another by way of a Gift. in the present case has given his share in property to you by means of gift .</p><p>Aadharam It is a document written by an authorized licensee in a stamp paper as per the value of land and registered in registrar office about the transaction made to a property. It can be a will, or a transaction. It includes the area, boundaries and sketch about a particular piece of land.</p><p><br></p>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-74671206696343830332022-11-17T12:51:00.001+03:002022-11-17T12:51:51.524+03:00Supreme Court on adjournments: No more tarikh pe tarikh<p class="text-node">NEW DELHI: More than 28 years after the “tarikh pe tarikh” dialogue in the film “Damini” encapsulated the common citizen’s views on the meandering case trial process, the </p><a class="inline_link" href="https://m.timesofindia.com/topic/supreme-court-of-india" target="_top">Supreme Court</a><p class="text-node"> on Thursday barred grant of repeated adjournments routinely and told trial court judges to risk becoming unpopular among advocates by refusing at the drop of a hat any request for deferment of hearings.</p><p class="text-node">Frowning at the 10 adjournments granted by an </p><p class="text-node"><a class="inline_link" href="https://m.timesofindia.com/topic/MP-court" target="_top">MP court</a></p><p class="text-node"> in an eviction suit to delay the process by four years, a bench of Justices M R Shah and A S Bopanna said, “The courts shall be very slow in granting adjournments... The time has now come to change the work culture and get out of the adjournment culture so that the confidence and trust put by the litigants in the justice delivery system is not shaken and the rule of law is maintained.”</p><p class="text-node" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20.8px; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">SC: Repeated adjournments break the back of litigants</p><p class="text-node"><strong></strong><br></p><p class="text-node">Writing the judgment, Justice Shah said many a time the tactic employed by unscrupulous litigants is to seek repeated adjournments and cause enormous delay to deny justice to the opposite party. “Repeated adjournments break the back of litigants. The courts are enjoined upon to perform their duties with the object of strengthening the confidence of the common man in the institution entrusted with the administration of justice.”</p><p class="text-node"><br></p><p class="text-node">Any effort which weakens the system and shakes the faith of the common man in the justice dispensation has to be discouraged. Therefore, the courts shall not grant adjournments in a routine manner and mechanically and shall not be a party to cause for delay in dispensing justice. The courts have to be diligent and take timely action in order to usher in an efficient justice dispensation system and maintain faith in rule of law,” the bench said.<br></p><p class="text-node">The SC was aware of the work culture in trial courts where a judge invites the displeasure of litigants and becomes unpopular among advocates if s/he takes a strict view and refuses adjournments sought routinely.</p><p class="text-node"><br></p><p class="text-node">“The judicial officer shall not worry about that if his conscience is clear. The judicial officer has to bear in mind his duties to the litigants who are before the courts and who have come for justice and for whom courts are meant and make all efforts to provide timely justice to the litigants,” the SC said.</p><p class="text-node">The SC said because of this untrammelled adjournment culture prevailing for years in the justice delivery system, the litigants' right to speedy trials has become elusive. “Arrears are mounting because of such delays, dilatory tactics, advocates asking for repeated adjournments and the courts mechanically and routinely granting it,” Justice Shah said.<br></p><p class="text-node">It cannot be disputed that due to delay in access to justice and not getting timely justice may shake the trust and confidence of the litigants in the justice delivery system,” the SC warned.<br></p><p class="text-node"><br></p>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-76279635543482363362022-10-29T13:20:00.001+03:002022-10-29T13:20:50.638+03:00Order VIII Rule 1 CPC | Time Limit For Filing Written Statement is Directory not Mandatory: Kerala HCRecently, The Kerala HC ruled that the proviso to Order VIII Rule 1 CPC, fixing the time limit, is only directory.<div><p>The bench of <strong><em>Justices A. Muhamed Mustaque and Shoba Annamma Eapen </em></strong>observed that the binding judgment is an enunciation of the law, on a point directly and specifically arisen for consideration by the Apex Court.</p><p>In this case, The plaintiffs filed a suit for a declaration that the Government Order, ordering the dispossession of the plaintiffs from the suit premises is illegal and for a consequential injunction to restrain the defendants from dispossessing the plaintiffs from the suit property. </p><p>An application was filed by the Additional Government Pleader to receive written statement after the condonation of delay of 47 days in filing the written statement. </p><p>The plaintiffs raised objections in receiving the written statement after the outer limit of the period referred to in Order VIII Rule 1 CPC. </p><p>Overruling these objections, the Sub Judge, in a reasoned order, condoned delay in filing the written statement and received the written statement on record. </p><p>The issue for consideration before the bench was:</p><p><strong><em>Is the time limit fixed under Order VIII Rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure for filing a written statement, mandatory or directory in character?</em></strong></p><p>The bench relied upon the case of <strong><em>Kailash v. Nanhku & Others </em></strong>where the Apex Court considered the mandate of Order VIII Rule 1 CPC. The question considered was whether the time limit of 90 days as prescribed under the proviso appended to Order VIII Rule 1 CPC is mandatory or directory in nature. The Apex Court held that<em> the time limit fixed is only directory in nature and further opined that the observation by the Apex Court in </em><strong><em>Dr.J.J. Merchant’s case </em></strong><em>is obiter</em></p><p><em><br></em></p><p>High Court further relied upon the case of <strong><em>M/s. R.N. Jadi & Brothers And Others v. Subhashchandra </em></strong>where the Apex Court considered the question of receiving written statement beyond 90 days. The Apex Court held that <em>the time limit prescribed is directory in nature. However, the extension beyond 30 days is not automatic and should be exercised with caution and further held that the extension of time beyond 90 days must be granted only based on the clear satisfaction of the court.</em></p><p>The bench noted that when a point directly and specifically comes up for consideration before the Apex Court subsequently and the Apex Court decides the matter, the judgment of the subsequent Bench will have to be followed as a binding precedent. </p><p>High Court after referring to various judgments observed that the proviso to Order VIII Rule 1 CPC, fixing the time limit, is only directory.</p><p><strong>Case Title: </strong>M.M. Madhavan Namboodiri v. The Tahsildar </p><p><strong>Bench: </strong>Justices A. Muhamed Mustaque and Shoba Annamma Eapen</p><p><strong>Case No.: </strong>OP(C) NO. 1139 OF 2018</p><p><strong>Counsel for the appellant: </strong>Adv. B.G. Bhasker</p><p><strong>Counsel for the respondent: </strong>Adv. B. Parthasarathy</p><p><em><br></em></p></div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-952562205285855042022-10-22T05:10:00.001+03:002022-10-22T05:10:42.413+03:00Under Section 3(1) of the Employees Compensation Act, 1923[2], if personal injury is caused to an employee by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment, his employer shall be liable to pay compensation.Under Section 3(1) of the Employees Compensation Act, 1923[2], <b>if personal injury is caused to an employee by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment, his employer shall be liable to pay compensation</b>.<div><br></div><div><div aria-level="4" role="heading"><div jsname="tJHJj" class="dnXCYb" aria-controls="_nFBTY_-9EN3LseMP4oyx2AI_28" aria-expanded="true" role="button" tabindex="0" jsaction="AWEk5c" data-hveid="CBgQAQ"><div jsname="lN6iy" class="JlqpRe"><span class="JCzEY ZwRhJd">How is workman's compensation calculated in case of death?</span></div><div jsname="Q8Kwad" class="aj35ze"></div><div jsname="pcRaIe" class="L3Ezfd" data-ved="2ahUKEwj_-5HG4PL6AhXdZWwGHWJGDCsQuk56BAgYEAI"></div></div></div><div jsname="NRdf4c" class="bCOlv" id="_nFBTY_-9EN3LseMP4oyx2AI_28" data-ved="2ahUKEwj_-5HG4PL6AhXdZWwGHWJGDCsQ7NUEegQIGBAE"><div class="IZE3Td" jsslot=""><div jsname="oQYOj" class="t0bRye r2fjmd v0rrvd" id="_nFBTY_-9EN3LseMP4oyx2AI_34" data-hveid="CBgQBQ" data-ved="2ahUKEwj_-5HG4PL6AhXdZWwGHWJGDCsQu04oAHoECBgQBQ"><div id="nFBTY_-9EN3LseMP4oyx2AI__14"><div class="XbtRGb qxsd NV5pMe yF5Gqd wDYxhc viOShc LKPcQc" data-md="83"><div class="di3YZe"><div class="co8aDb gsrt" aria-level="3" role="heading">Under the Workmen's Compensation Act, compensation is offered to the workers and their.<br>...<br><b>Compensation in Case of Death</b></div><div class="RqBzHd"><ol class="X5LH0c"><li class="TrT0Xe">5000 funeral expense is payable.</li><li class="TrT0Xe">60% of monthly salary X relevant factors based on the age of the worker.</li><li class="TrT0Xe">1,40,000 is the minimum amount payable</li></ol></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-71110845560978127272022-06-24T18:08:00.001+03:002022-06-24T18:08:16.647+03:00വിദേശ പൗരത്വം എടുത്ത ഇന്ത്യക്കാർക്ക് സ്വത്തുക്കൾ വിൽക്കുകയോ പണയം വയ്ക്കുകയോ ചെയ്യണമെങ്കിൽ റിസർവ് ബാങ്കിന്റെ പ്രത്യേക അനുമതി വേണം; സുപ്രീം കോടതി വിധി<div>വിദേശ പൗരത്വം എടുത്ത ഇന്ത്യക്കാർക്ക് സ്വത്തുക്കൾ വിൽക്കുകയോ പണയം വയ്ക്കുകയോ ചെയ്യണമെങ്കിൽ റിസർവ് ബാങ്കിന്റെ പ്രത്യേക അനുമതി വേണം; സുപ്രീം കോടതി വിധി</div><div>June 15 2022</div><div><br></div><div> </div><div>ന്യൂഡൽഹി :വിദേശികൾക്ക് റിസർവ് ബാങ്കിന്റെ അനുമതിയില്ലാതെ ഇന്ത്യയിലെ വസ്തുക്കൾ പണയം വയ്ക്കുവാനോ കൈമാറ്റം നടത്തുവാനോ ചെയ്യാൻ കഴിയില്ലെന്ന് സുപ്രീംകോടതി വിധിച്ചു. ജസ്റ്റിസ് എ എം ഖാൻവിൽക്കർ അധ്യക്ഷനായ മൂന്നംഗ ബെഞ്ച്, ഫോറിൻ എക്സ്ചേഞ്ച് റെഗുലേഷൻ ആക്ടിലെ 31ാം സെക്ഷന്റെ അടിസ്ഥാനത്തിലാണ് വിധി പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചത്.</div><div><br></div><div>വിദേശികൾക്ക് ഇന്ത്യയിലെ റിയൽ എസ്റ്റേറ്റ് സംവിധാനങ്ങളിൽ ഇടപെടാൻ ആകില്ലെന്ന് FERA സെക്ഷൻ 31 ലോക്സഭയിൽ അവതരിപ്പിച്ചപ്പോൾ വ്യക്തമാക്കിയിരുന്നതാണ്. ആ നിയമത്തെ പരിപൂർണ്ണമായി നടപ്പാക്കാൻ ശ്രദ്ധ ചെലുത്തിയ സർക്കാരിന്റെ ഉദ്ദേശശുദ്ധിയെ കോടതി പരാമർശിച്ചു.</div><div><br></div><div>റിസർവ് ബാങ്കിന്റെ അനുമതി നേടാതെ സ്വത്തുക്കൾ കൈമാറ്റം നടത്തിയാൽ നിയമപരമായി അത് നിലനിൽക്കുന്നതല്ല. ഇതുവരെ നടന്ന കൈമാറ്റങ്ങൾ ഈ നിയമത്തിന്റെ കീഴിൽ വരില്ലെന്നും വിധിയിൽ പറയുന്നു</div><div>വിദേശ പൗരത്വം എടുത്ത നിങ്ങളുടെ പേരിൽ നാട്ടിൽ സ്വത്തുക്കൾ ഉണ്ടോ ? എങ്കിൽ അതു വിൽക്കുകയോ പണയം വയ്ക്കുകയോ ചെയ്യണമെങ്കിൽ റിസർവ് ബാങ്കിന്റെ പ്രത്യേക അനുമതി വേണം; സുപ്രീം കോടതിയുടെ സുപ്രധാനമായ വിധി പ്രവാസികളെ എങ്ങനെ ബാധിക്കും എന്നറിയാം</div><div><br></div><div>വിദേശ പൗരത്വം എടുത്തിട്ടുള്ള ഇന്ത്യാക്കാർക്ക് ഇനി നാട്ടിലുള്ള സ്വത്തുക്കൾ ക്രയവിക്രയം ചെയ്യുവാനും പണയപ്പെടുത്തുവാനുമൊക്കെ ഇനിമുതൽ റിസർവ് ബാങ്കിന്റെ പ്രത്യേക അനുമതി ആവശ്യമായി വരും. ഫോറിൻ എക്സ്ചേഞ്ച് റെഗുലേഷൻ ആക്ട് (ഫെറ) 1973 ലെ സെക്ഷൻ 31 ഉയർത്തിപ്പിടിച്ചാണ് ജസ്റ്റിസ് എ എം ഖാൻവില്ക്കർ അദ്ധ്യക്ഷം വഹിച്ച സുപ്രീം കോടതി ബഞ്ചിന്റെ വിധി. ഇതനുസരിച്ച്, ഇന്ത്യൻ പൗരനല്ലാത്ത ഒരാൾക്ക് ഇന്ത്യയിലെ സ്വത്തുക്കൾ വിൽക്കുവാനോ പണയപ്പെടുത്തുവാനോ റിസർവ് ബാങ്കിന്റെ പ്രത്യേകാനുമതി ആവശ്യമാണ്.</div><div><br></div><div>ഇത്തരത്തിലുള്ള സ്വത്തുക്കൾ കൈമാറ്റം ചെയ്യുമ്പോൾ, റിസർവ് ബാങ്ക് അനുമതി നൽകുന്നതുവരെ കൈമാറ്റത്തിന് നിയമപരമായ സാധുത ലഭിക്കുകയില്ല എന്നും ജസ്റ്റിസ് ഇന്ദു മൽഹോത്ര, അജയ് രസ്തോഗി എന്നിവർ ഉൾപ്പെട്ട ബഞ്ച വ്യക്തമാക്കി. എന്നിരുന്നാലും, ഇതുവരെ നടന്ന ഇടപാടുകൾ വീണ്ടും പുനപരിശോധിക്കേണ്ടതില്ലെന്നും കോടതി വ്യക്തമാക്കി. ബെങ്കലൂരുവിലെ ഒരു സ്വത്തുകൈമാറ്റവുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെടുത്തി നടന്ന കേസിലാണ് ഈ സുപ്രധാന വിധി വന്നത്. 1977-ൽ ചാൾസ് റൈറ്റ് എന്നൊരു വിദേശിയുടെ വിധവ റിസർവ് ബാങ്ക് അനുമതി വാങ്ങാതെ സ്വത്ത് വിറ്റതുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട കേസായിരുന്നു അത്. അനുമതി വേണമെന്ന് ഉറപ്പിച്ചു പറയുമ്പോഴും പഴയ കാര്യങ്ങൾ കുത്തിപ്പൊക്കേണ്ടതില്ല എന്നതീരുമാനത്തിൽ ഈ സ്ഥലത്തിന്റെ ഇടപാട് നിയമവിധേയമാക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു.</div><div>ഒ സി ഐ കാർഡുള്ള ഇന്ത്യാക്കാരുടെ പല അവകാശങ്ങളും എടുത്തുകളഞ്ഞ് സർക്കാർ പുതിയ നിയമം കൊണ്ടുവരുന്ന ഘട്ടത്തിൽ തന്നെയാണ് വിദേശ ഇന്ത്യാക്കാർക്ക് മറ്റൊരു തിരിച്ചടിയായി ഈ വിധി വന്നിരിക്കുന്നത്. ഇതനുസരിച്ച്, നിങ്ങൾ വിദേശ പൗരത്വം എടുത്തിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കിൽ , നാട്ടിലെ സ്വത്തിൽ എന്തെങ്കിലും ക്രയവിക്രയങ്ങൾ നടത്തുന്നതിനു മുൻപായി റിസർവ് ബാങ്കിന്റെ പ്രത്യേക അനുമതി എടുത്തിരിക്കണം. അത് എടുക്കാതിരിക്കുന്നിടത്തോളം കാലം ഈ സ്വത്തുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ഇടപാടുകൾക്ക് നിയമപരമായ സാധുത ഉണ്ടായിരിക്കില്ല.</div><div><br></div><div>നിരവധി മലയാളികളെ നേരിട്ട് ബാധിക്കുന്ന ഒരു കാര്യം തന്നെയാണിത്, പ്രത്യേകിച്ച് മദ്ധ്യ കേരളത്തിൽ. ഗൾഫ് മലയാളികൾക്ക് അവിടങ്ങളിലെ പൗരത്വമില്ലാത്തതിനാൽ എൻ ആർ ഐ സ്റ്റാറ്റസ് ആണ് ഉള്ളത്. എന്നാൽ, അമേരിക്ക, ബ്രിട്ടൻ തുടങ്ങിയ പാശ്ചാത്യ രാജ്യങ്ങളിൽ എത്തിച്ചേർന്നവർ, ഒരു നിശ്ചിത കാലാവധി തീരുമ്പോൾ അവിടത്തെ പൗരന്മാരായി മറുകയാണ് പതിവ്. ഓവർസീസ് സിറ്റിസൺസ് ഓഫ് ഇന്ത്യ എന്ന പ്രത്യേക സ്റ്റാറ്റസ് ആയിരുന്നു ഇവർക്ക് ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നത്.</div><div><br></div><div>ഇരട്ടപൗരത്വം എന്ന ആശയം ചർച്ചയിൽ നിൽക്കുന്ന സമയത്ത് ഒ സി ഐ കാർഡുള്ളവർക്ക് ഇന്ത്യൻ പൗരന്മാര്ക്കുള്ള എല്ലാ അവകാശങ്ങളും, വോട്ടവകാശം ഒഴികെ, നൽകിയിരുന്നു. ഇതനുസരിച്ച്, നാട്ടിൽ സ്ഥലം വാങ്ങിക്കൂട്ടിയിട്ടുള്ളവർനിരവധിയാണ്. ഇനി സ്വത്തുക്കളുടെ കാര്യത്തിൽ മുന്നോട്ട് പോവുക ഇവരെ സംബന്ധിച്ചിടത്തോളം പ്രയാസമേറിയ കാര്യമാകും, പ്രത്യേകിച്ച് റിസർവ് ബാങ്കിന്റെ അനുമതിയൊക്കെ വാങ്ങുക എന്ന കാര്യമുള്ളപ്പോൾ. . തീർച്ചയായും ഇത് കേരളത്തിലെ റിയൽ എസ്റ്റേറ്റ് മേഖലയിൽ ഒരു തിരിച്ചടിക്ക് കാരണമായേക്കാം</div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-64963354985759672322022-06-13T05:48:00.001+03:002022-06-13T05:59:15.414+03:0011 facts you must know about ancestral property in India<h2><span id="How_many_generations_can_claim_ancestral_property">How many generations can claim ancestral property?</span></h2><p>In case of a classified ancestral property that has remained undivided, four generations of the male lineage have their claim. This means on Ram’s ancestral property, his son Shyam, Shyam’s son Ghanshyam and Ghanshyam’s son Radhe Shyam have inheritance rights. In other words, the father, the grandfather, the great grandfather and the great-great grandfather have inheritance rights over an undivided ancestral property.</p><p>Also, whenever someone inherits a property from any of his paternal ancestors up to three generations above him, his legal heirs of up to three generations below him would get equal right, as coparceners in that property.<br></p><p><br></p><p>So, when Radhe Shyam inherits a property from his father, three generations below him would have an inheritance claim on it.<br></p><p><br></p><h2><span id="What_is_an_undivided_property">What is an undivided property?</span></h2><p>If Ram decided to divide the property between Shyam and his other sons, the chain will be broken and the property inherited by Shyam will no longer qualify as an ancestral property but a self-acquired property. Simply stated, for a property to remain ancestral, no division should take place up to the four generations. An ancestral property that has been divided through a <span class="amp-wp-a1b1bb7" data-amp-original-style="color: #0000ff;"><a class="amp-wp-a1b1bb7" data-amp-original-style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://housing.com/news/partition-deed/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">partition deed</a></span> or a <span class="amp-wp-a1b1bb7" data-amp-original-style="color: #0000ff;"><a class="amp-wp-a1b1bb7" data-amp-original-style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://housing.com/news/capital-gains-tax-implications-properties-transferred-family-arrangementssettlements/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">family arrangement</a></span>, ceases to be an ancestral property as soon as the arrangement comes into effect. In other words, when a division or a partition takes place in a joint Hindu family, the property becomes self-acquired in the hands of the family member, who has received it.</p><p>Passing its judgment in the Uttam versus Saubhag Singh & Others case on March 2, 2016, the Supreme Court ruled that a joint family property ceases to be a joint family property in the hands of the various persons who have succeeded to it under Section 8 of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, as they hold the property as tenants in common and not as joint tenants.</p><p><br></p><h2><span id="Can_properties_obtained_through_a_gift_or_will_be_ancestral_properties">Can properties obtained through a gift or will be ancestral properties?</span></h2><p>Properties that one acquires by way of a gift deed and through the execution of a will, do not qualify as ancestral properties. Also note that through a gift deed, a father can give this self- acquired property to a third party in his lifetime. Through a will, the property ownership is transferred after the demise of the donor.</p><p><br></p><h2><span id="Exclusion_from_ancestral_property">Exclusion from ancestral property</span></h2><p>One is free to write a will and exclude one’s offspring (sons as well as daughters) from inheriting their self-acquired property. In 2016, the Delhi High Court ruled that an adult son had no legal claim on his parents’ self-acquired property. “Where the house is a self-acquired house of the parents, a son, whether married or unmarried, has no legal right to live in that house and he can live in that house, only at the mercy of his parents up to the time the parents allow,” the HC order said.</p><p>The same, however, is not true for ancestral property. A father does not have a choice to exclude his son from possession of his ancestral properties. However, the Delhi HC, in November 2018, ruled that harassed parents can evict their children from any type of property. The type of the property, ruled by the HC, would in no manner act as a deterrent in eviction of children and legal heirs, who ill-treat their elderly parents.</p><p>After an amendment in the laws through the Delhi Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (Amendment) Rules, 2017, through which the term ‘self-acquired’ was done away with, seniors can apply for eviction of their sons, daughters and legal heirs from the property of any kind ─ movable or immovable, ancestral or self-acquired, tangible or intangible.</p><p> </p><h2><span id="Start_of_ownership_right_in_an_ancestral_property">Start of ownership right in an ancestral property</span></h2><p>In case of ancestral properties, the right of the stakeholder arises at the time of his birth. In other forms of inheritance, such as inheritance through a will, the right arises at the time of the owner’s death. So, in the above stated example, Shyam’s right in his ancestral property will arise at the time of his birth and not at the time of his father Ram’s demise.</p><p><br></p><p>The same, however, is not true for ancestral property. A father does not have a choice to exclude his son from possession of his ancestral properties. However, the Delhi HC, in November 2018, ruled that harassed parents can evict their children from any type of property. The type of the property, ruled by the HC, would in no manner act as a deterrent in eviction of children and legal heirs, who ill-treat their elderly parents.</p><p>After an amendment in the laws through the Delhi Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (Amendment) Rules, 2017, through which the term ‘self-acquired’ was done away with, seniors can apply for eviction of their sons, daughters and legal heirs from the property of any kind ─ movable or immovable, ancestral or self-acquired, tangible or intangible.</p><p> </p><h2><span id="Start_of_ownership_right_in_an_ancestral_property">Start of ownership right in an ancestral property</span></h2><p>In case of ancestral properties, the right of the stakeholder arises at the time of his birth. In other forms of inheritance, such as inheritance through a will, the right arises at the time of the owner’s death. So, in the above stated example, Shyam’s right in his ancestral property will arise at the time of his birth and not at the time of his father Ram’s demise.</p><p><br></p><p>The same, however, is not true for ancestral property. A father does not have a choice to exclude his son from possession of his ancestral properties. However, the Delhi HC, in November 2018, ruled that harassed parents can evict their children from any type of property. The type of the property, ruled by the HC, would in no manner act as a deterrent in eviction of children and legal heirs, who ill-treat their elderly parents.</p><p>After an amendment in the laws through the Delhi Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (Amendment) Rules, 2017, through which the term ‘self-acquired’ was done away with, seniors can apply for eviction of their sons, daughters and legal heirs from the property of any kind ─ movable or immovable, ancestral or self-acquired, tangible or intangible.</p><p> </p><h2><span id="Start_of_ownership_right_in_an_ancestral_property">Start of ownership right in an ancestral property</span></h2><p>In case of ancestral properties, the right of the stakeholder arises at the time of his birth. In other forms of inheritance, such as inheritance through a will, the right arises at the time of the owner’s death. So, in the above stated example, Shyam’s right in his ancestral property will arise at the time of his birth and not at the time of his father Ram’s demise.</p><p><span class="ILfuVd">The Supreme Court on Tuesday held that <b>daughters, like sons, have an equal birthright to inherit joint Hindu family property</b>. The court decided that the amended Hindu Succession Act, which gives daughters equal rights to ancestral property, will have a retrospective effect.</span><span class="kX21rb ZYHQ7e">11-Aug-2020</span><br></p><p><br></p>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-42236729868774688982022-01-15T13:14:00.001+03:002022-01-15T13:14:59.791+03:00How to evict a tenant in India<h1>Introduction<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h1><p>Renting a house or flat is a difficult task. It is not an easy effort to find a tenant and sign a rental agreement with someone you can trust with your property. A person takes a huge risk by lending his property to a stranger. Many times, after renting out their property to tenants, the landlord needs the property for their personal use or has to evict the tenant for different reasons, many of which might be due to the fault of the tenant himself; however, despite several requests from the owner, the tenants may often refuse to leave the property. Hence, this article aims to help owners to evict tenants from their property.</p><h1><span class="ez-toc-section" id="What_are_eviction_laws_in_India"></span>What are eviction laws in India<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h1><p>A rental tenancy is simply a type of a lease in which the property is temporarily transferred from the owner, who is known as the lessor, to the tenant, who is referred to as the lessee, according to <a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/645212/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Section 105</a> of the <a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/515323/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Transfer of Property Act, 1882</a>. But, <a href="https://cleartax.in/s/rent-control-act#:~:text=A%20central%20Rent%20Control%20Act,are%20exploited%20by%20the%20other." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Rent Control Act of 1948</a>, which was enacted by the Government of India to calibrate the rentals of real properties and to govern the evictions of tenants in India, encompasses all the provisions relating to tenants and landlords. The most important requirement, however, is that you should have a proper rental agreement in place with your tenant, which defines details such as the rent amount, the duration of the agreement, the security deposit, and the purpose of the stay. While tenants are protected from arbitrary eviction from their homes except for specified reasons and under specified conditions under the Rent Control Act, the landlord retains the right to evict a tenant if the tenant commits certain specified acts or if the landlord requires the home for his own personal use.</p><h2>How to prepare for a suit for eviction<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h2><p>The most significant document is the rent agreement, which contains the terms and conditions of the contract and creates the contract between a landlord and a tenant. The contract should include an eviction clause that may be used in case there is any disagreement. Evicting a tenant is only possible when the lease ends or when the landlord cancels the lease by providing a formal notice under <a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/80042/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Section 106</a> of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882, and if the tenant still refuses to vacate, the landlord will have to file a lawsuit and get an order from the court. </p><h1>Grounds for eviction of tenant in India<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h1><p>You can state any of the following grounds for the eviction of a tenant from your property:</p><ul><li>If you need the property for your own requirement or for a member of your family</li><li>If a tenant has leased a previously rented house/flat/property to another individual without your permission or acknowledgement</li><li>If the worth or value of the property has relatively decreased because of the tenant’s action</li><li>If the landlord plans to build another structure, which will necessitate the property’s destruction</li><li>If you want to construct a new structure, you’ll have to demolish the existing one</li><li>One can initiate an eviction suit if the tenant fails to pay the rent amount (as indicated in the rental agreement) for more than 15 days after the due date</li><li>If the neighbour finds the tenant’s activities distasteful, and the landlord has received complaints against the tenant</li><li>If the tenant has utilised the rented property for illegal purposes or for reasons not specified in the rental agreement</li><li>If the tenant is establishing that he or she is the owner of the rented property on purpose</li></ul><div><h1>What one should not do while evicting a tenant<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h1><p>The landlord has the right to evict a tenant from his/her property based on the grounds stated above. However, he/she should keep in mind the following points:</p><ul><li>The landlord must not carry out the eviction by using illegal methods like shutting off basic services such as electricity or water supply, changing the locking mechanism of the rented home, throwing away the goods of the tenant, or imposing penalties on his own unless it is mentioned in the rent agreement. These are criminal offences, and if the landlord is proven guilty, the tenant has the right to pursue charges against him</li><li>The rental agreement must be for only 11 months and include an optional renewal provision. It provides future protection against eviction issues.</li><li>A landlord cannot remove a tenant without first providing the tenant with an eviction notice.</li><li>The reasons for eviction must be justified under the rental laws of the state where the property is situated.</li><li>The rent agreement must be established with the help of a property lawyer and must include terms about how to use the property, the termination of the rent agreement, the amount of rent, and so on.</li><li>The Supreme Court of India has <a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/830805/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ruled</a> that for at least five years a landlord cannot evict a tenant if the rent is paid on time and the landlord does not want the property for personal use.</li></ul><div><h1>Process of evicting a tenant in India<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h1><p>The following method must be followed to evict the tenant after establishing the reasons for the eviction and understanding what should not be done to evict a tenant:</p><h2><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Step_1_-_Send_a_notice_to_the_tenant_to_vacate"></span>Step 1 – Send a notice to the tenant to vacate<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h2><p>An eviction notice must be filed in a court of competent jurisdiction, stating the basis for eviction as well as the time and date by which the tenant must leave the property, and it must then be issued to the tenant. The landlord must allow the tenant a reasonable amount of time to quit the rented property. After getting a legal notice from the court, the tenants in the number of situations vacate the rented premises.</p><h2><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Step_2_-_File_a_suit_for_eviction"></span>Step 2 – File a suit for eviction<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h2><p>After obtaining the court’s eviction order, the tenant has the option of refusing to leave the rented property and challenging the eviction. In this instance, the landlord might retain the services of a rental property attorney to file an eviction lawsuit against the tenant. The tenant’s eviction lawsuit is filed in the civil court that has jurisdiction over the rented property.</p><p><br></p><h2>Step 3 – Final notice for eviction<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h2><p>The court hears both parties and, relying on the arguments and facts presented, issues a final legal notice of eviction for the tenant. Once the court issues the final eviction order, the tenant must leave the rental property as they cannot overlook this notice. </p><p><br></p><h1>Some Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h1><ol><li>What to do if the tenant is not paying the rent</li></ol><p>Ideally, the rental contract would include a plan of action in the event of non-payment of rent. Nonetheless, non-payment of rent is one of the most prevalent reasons for eviction under state tenancy laws. A legal notice might be given to the tenant in question, with details of the payment due, the tenant’s need to comply or depart, and the course of action you’ll take if the tenant does not comply or evict.</p><ol start="2"><li>Can police be called to evict a tenant</li></ol><p>You cannot evict the tenant or threaten to evict the tenant, no matter how serious the situation is. This is known as a “self-help eviction,” and it is against the law. Before a legitimate eviction may take place, the court must issue an eviction notice.</p><ol start="3"><li>What can I do if a tenant refuses to move out </li></ol><p>If the tenant refuses to leave despite the legal justifications, an eviction procedure may be initiated. Non-payment of rent and reluctance to move out at the conclusion of the lease period are both valid reasons for eviction.</p><ol start="4"><li>How can I evict a tenant without a lease in India </li></ol><p>Since the individual state laws include tenancy at will, an eviction might be carried out in accordance with their rules. Other typical grounds for eviction include engaging in activities that may impair the rental property’s usability or worth, permitting someone else to occupy the property without the landlord’s consent, using the property for illegal purposes, and the end of the lease period. Before eviction may begin, an eviction notice must be sent.</p><ol start="5"><li>What happens if the tenant refuses to leave after being presented with an eviction notice</li></ol><p>Non-compliance with the eviction notice will result in judicial action if the landlord decides to pursue it.</p><h1><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Conclusion"></span>Conclusion<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h1><p>Many landlords have complained about tenants not paying rent on time, not maintaining the property in good repair, and extending their stay after the rental agreement’s term has expired. The Rent Control Act of 1948 was designed to address the issue of rent and rent control. Following its enactment, which acted as a Union law, other states began amending and adding to the statute to better fit their requirements and companies. These state statutes and amendments differ somewhat from the federal legislation. The Rent Control Act of 1948 was created to govern the laws of property rental and ensure that neither landlords nor the renters take advantage of one another. The statute is primarily aimed at tenants, although there are safeguards to protect landlords’ rights as well</p></div></div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-25145256959683333182022-01-10T18:53:00.001+03:002022-01-15T13:18:20.243+03:00notice to vacate premises<h2><strong>Why send notice to vacate premises?</strong></h2><p>Sending an eviction notice to the tenant by the landlord in India is a formal intimation. A legal notice to the tenant to vacate the premises from the landlord is assumed as an opportunity for the tenant to find a new place. Notice to tenant to vacate is a situation where a tenant is given a reasonable time to leave the rented place and find a new one. In order to vacate the rented property, a legal notice works really well.</p><p>In any tenancy, the situation gets worse for a landlord when the tenant is a bully. Such tenants do not want to leave the premises and create an uncalled nuisance for the landlord. India is one such place where such issues are quite prevalent. The tenant forcefully stays in possession, thereby inviting the landlord to exercise the right to file a suit for eviction against the tenant. But before filing a suit, the landlord should first <strong>send notice to the </strong><strong><strong>tenant</strong> to vacate the premises</strong>.</p><p><em><strong>“Before filing the case, sending a legal notice to the tenant acts as a final warning. In case the tenant still does not vacate the premises, you should then file the case for eviction of the tenant</strong></em></p><p><em><strong><br></strong></em></p><h1>Introduction<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h1><p>A tenant eviction notice is basically a legal document in the form of a notice indicating stipulated time in which the tenant should vacate the leased premise it is given by the landlord to the tenant.</p><h1><span class="ez-toc-section" id="What_is_an_eviction"></span>What is an eviction?<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h1><p>The period eviction refers back to the civil system via means of which a landlord can also additionally legally cast off a tenant from their condo assets. Eviction can also additionally arise whilst the tenant stops paying lease, whilst the phrases of the condo settlement are breached, or indifferent conditions accredited via way of means of law.</p><p>An eviction is the courtroom docket-ordered elimination of a tenant from the assets wherein they reside. A landlord can also additionally determine to evict a tenant for non-charge of lease, damages, unlawful activity, violating the phrases of the hire, or if the owner desires to take ownership of the assets.</p><h1>What is an eviction notice?<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h1><p>An eviction notice is a letter dispatched with the aid of a landlord to a tenant to tell them that they ought to restore sure trouble or vacate the assets inside a sure variety of days.</p><p>In a few instances, the owner can also additionally accept as true that the hassle isn’t fixable and ship what’s called an incurable eviction be aware. In this case, the tenant has no desire however to vacate the assets inside a sure variety of days.</p><p>It has been held in the case of <a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1381480/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"><em>Achintya Kumar Saha v. Nanee Printers (2004, SCC 368)</em></a><strong> </strong>that; herein view of the rent control laws and the concept of statutory tenancy evolved in the respect of urban building it is now generally necessary to determine tenancy by a notice to quit before claiming ejectment on grounds admissible under such laws.</p><p>If the tenant is uncooperative and does not want to settle the dispute peacefully and does not even agree to vacate the land, the landlord can issue an eviction notice. Not only a tenancy of temporary term but also of fixed-term can be challenged and determined by the eviction notice.</p><p><br></p><h1>When to send an eviction notice? <span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h1><ol><li><strong>Rent not paid</strong>: A landlord can evict a person for non-payment or delay of a month or two depending on how long the tenant has been living in the property.</li><li><strong>Subletting</strong>: A landlord can evict a person when he rented his property for one person and the tenant added two more tenants and started taking rent would be a serious reason for filing an eviction notice. </li><li><strong>Damaging the property</strong>: If the tenant has seriously damaged the property and is unwilling to pay for the damages, the landlord may evict them.</li><li><strong>Self</strong>–<strong>use</strong>: If the owner needs the premises for his purpose or the purpose of his family members.</li><li><strong>Commercial use</strong>: If the owner needs the premises to run the business using their own property he may send an eviction notice.</li></ol><div><h1>Procedure to evict the tenant<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h1><p>In the judgment of the case <a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1702964/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"><em>Narayan v. Kunbhan Mannadiar</em> </a>it was held that the landlord cannot issue the notice of eviction just because he wants to but only if has a valid and legal reason. The reason to ask the tenant to get out from the place must be a justifiable reason and must not be derived from a mere demand for more possessions. </p><p>For sending an eviction notice to the tenant there is some essential step followed during the course of sending notice: </p><h2>Step 1<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h2><p>Firstly, the owner must send an eviction notice before 30 days of filing the suit. A checklist of documents consisting of a serious, valid, legitimate reason for issuing such a notice. The owner will be required to send scanned copies of documents for verification by the lawyer. The notice must be framed in a way that reflects the clear issue and stipulated time that the tenant is legally bound to do so.</p><h2><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Step_2"></span>Step 2<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h2><p>Secondly, on the refusal of the tenant, the petition will be filed, drafted, and shared after reviewing the same and approved within 7 days. The owner is required to print the draft and sign and send it via courier/post.</p><p>It has been held in the case of<strong> </strong><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1454366/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"><em>Munisami Naidu v. C. Ranganathan</em></a>, AIR 1991 SC 492 the Board was entitled to institute proceedings against the tenant as the notice period had expired. Similar was the case in <a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/517737/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"><em>Vasant Kumar Radhakishan Vora v. The Board of Trustees of the Port of Bombay, AIR 1991 SC 14</em></a> where the plaintiff sued the defendant for not conforming to the eviction notice.</p><h2>Step 3<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h2><p>Thirdly, the case will be filed before the civil court within 3 days as the signed document is being received. Thereafter the lawyer will present the argument before the court and after all hearing and argument evidence presented. Court gives the judgment in favour of any party and the final decision has to be followed by the parties.</p><h1><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Procedure_to_evict_a_tenant_under_the_Uniform_Residential_Landlord-Tenant_Act_URLTA_1872"></span>Procedure to evict a tenant under the Uniform Residential Landlord-Tenant Act (URLTA), 1872<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h1><p>The landlord can evict a tenant under the <a href="https://www.uniformlaws.org/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=af050844-2bcb-7cee-0683-9d07d27fb987" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">Uniform Residential Landlord-Tenant Act (URLTA),1872 </a>through the way of eviction notice as prescribed under the Act. Under Section 12 of the Uniform Residential Landlord-Tenant Act (URLTA),1872 it talks about eviction notice i.e a formal written letter sent by the landlord to the tenant to evict a person by communicating the termination of the Tenancy Agreement.</p><p>It was held in the case of <em>Achintya Kumar Saha v. Nanvee Printers</em> it was held that according to the Indian Rental Laws, 1948 the rights of the landlord to evict their tenants are subject to providing the justified reasons for such actions.</p><h1>What information does the eviction notice include?<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h1><p>An eviction letter must consist of all the specified information of the tenancy agreement, the name of both the parties, the purpose of the notice must be specified and how long the tenant may have to address the issue before any further legal measures are taken.</p><p>There are the following details that are covered under the notice:</p><ul><li>Addresses of the rental property,</li><li>Address of the owner,</li><li>The tenant name (the one who pays the lease or everyone who has occupied),</li><li>Status of the hire,</li><li>Date of hire,</li><li>The reason that the notice is being served (the cause for the eviction will country the form of being aware this is being produced),</li><li>Date when the landlord signs the notice,</li><li>Proof of service.</li></ul><h1><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Conclusion"></span>Conclusion<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h1><p>Renting an apartment, house or property is a common practice in our society and is beneficial simultaneously for both the owner and the tenant. But there are also cases where the landlord gets tired of the tenant as he does not pay the rent or sorts to some unlawful or hazardous activities at the premises and hence the owner asks the tenant to leave the premises and restore his property back.</p><p>Dispute between landlord and tenant can be settled peacefully but in some cases, if the tenant refuses to do so the landlord has to file an eviction notice for the further process.</p><p><br></p><p>Tenants are hoping to invoke the doctrine of force majeure as legal protection against the non-fulfilment of their contractual obligations. Even <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-pvr-reliance-retail-invoke-act-of-god-wont-pay-rent/articleshow/74923522.cms" target="_blank">large corporations</a> like PVR and Reliance Retail have been forced to invoke this maxim. Statutory bodies like the <a href="https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/treat-covid-19-as-force-majeure-under-rera-finance-ministry/75718131" target="_blank">RERA</a> in many states have had to take note of the pandemic as a force majeure.<br></p><p><strong>What is force majeure?</strong></p><p>Though the Indian Contract Act does not refer to “force majeure” as such. The term is used as a convenient label to refer to a foreseeable stipulated circumstance or a supervening superior force that prevents someone from fulfilling their part of the contract.</p><p>The occurrence of a ‘force majeure’ would trigger the consequences stipulated in the contract. A typical force majeure clause would first define the events that would constitute a ‘force majeure’ and would then specify what consequences would follow if such an event occurred. The phrasing of the clause will decide whether a specific event falls within the force majeure clause and what consequences must follow. Force majeure is not a magic wand upon the waiving of which all contractual obligations, such as payment of rent, are terminated.</p><p>The ‘sanctity of a contract’ is the first and golden rule of contract law. Contracts must be honoured and performed, and there is no easy way to wriggle out of them. They are governed by the Contract Act and have the sanction of law which binds parties to faithfully perform their obligations.</p><p><br></p><header class="h11"><div class="nav_right"><br></div><div class="common_width silder_menul"><div class="bottombar_ul">tenancy agreements and COVID-19 Lockdown: A ‘Majeure’ Headache<br></div></div></header><main role="main"><article class="mainarticle"><header><div class="intro_duction">Tenants are hoping to invoke the doctrine of force majeure as legal protection, but the route may not be simple.</div><div class="timeanddateamp">May 28, 2020 | P.V. Kapur</div></header><div id="socialShare"><amp-social-share class="rounded i-amphtml-element i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined amp-social-share-email i-amphtml-built i-amphtml-layout" type="email" width="36" height="36" i-amphtml-layout="fixed" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Share by email"></amp-social-share> <amp-social-share class="rounded i-amphtml-element i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined amp-social-share-facebook i-amphtml-built i-amphtml-layout" type="facebook" data-param-app_id="148755725703053" width="36" height="36" i-amphtml-layout="fixed" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Share by facebook"></amp-social-share> <amp-social-share class="rounded i-amphtml-element i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined amp-social-share-linkedin i-amphtml-built i-amphtml-layout" type="linkedin" width="36" height="36" i-amphtml-layout="fixed" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Share by linkedin"></amp-social-share> <amp-social-share class="rounded i-amphtml-element i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined amp-social-share-twitter i-amphtml-built i-amphtml-layout" type="twitter" data-param-text="Tenancy Agreements and COVID-19 Lockdown: A ‘Majeure’ Headache" data-param-url="https://m.thewire.in/article/law/tenancy-agreements-covid-19-lockdown-force-majeure" data-param-attribution="The Wire" width="36" height="36" i-amphtml-layout="fixed" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Share by twitter"></amp-social-share> <amp-social-share class="rounded i-amphtml-element i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined amp-social-share-whatsapp i-amphtml-built i-amphtml-layout" type="whatsapp" data-param-text="Tenancy Agreements and COVID-19 Lockdown: A ‘Majeure’ Headache - https://m.thewire.in/article/law/tenancy-agreements-covid-19-lockdown-force-majeure" data-param-url="https://m.thewire.in/article/law/tenancy-agreements-covid-19-lockdown-force-majeure" data-param-attribution="The Wire" width="36" height="36" i-amphtml-layout="fixed" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Share by whatsapp"></amp-social-share></div><div class="fixed-height-container-top">An empty shopping mall in Ahmedabad, March 16, 2020. Photo: REUTERS/Amit Dave/File Photo<br></div><div class="content-container common_amp"><div class="article-body" itemprop="articleBody"><p>When Prime Minister Narendra Modi appeared on our televisions and screens on March 24, he was announcing the beginning of a nationwide lockdown. To contain the spread of the coronavirus, the entire population was asked to stay indoors. People have not been able to go to work, many have lost their jobs, corporations have imposed salary cuts, incomes of self-employed people have taken a major hit. This is certainly not a good time to indulge.</p><div class="amp_Ad_4 amp-ad-1"><amp-ad width="300" height="250" type="doubleclick" data-slot="/175265624/AMP_thewire/ATD_300x250_AMP_INBTWA" data-multi-size="300x250" rtc-config="{"vendors": {"aps": {"PUB_ID": "0cacadd5-7d2a-4f53-879f-72337dd1f3a2"}},"urls":
["https://us-east-pbs.automatad.com/openrtb2/amp?tag_id=LGXtf7_ATD_300x250_AMP_INBTWA"]}" data-enable-refresh="30" class="i-amphtml-element i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined i-amphtml-built i-amphtml-layout" i-amphtml-layout="fixed" data-amp-slot-index="13" data-a4a-upgrade-type="amp-ad-network-doubleclick-impl" data-google-query-id="CL6svIHOqPUCFa-aZgIdzqIJmA" data-amp-ad-refresh-id="1"><iframe height="250" width="300" title="3rd party ad content" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" allowtransparency="" scrolling="no" sandbox="allow-forms allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation" role="region" aria-label="Advertisement" tabindex="0" class="i-amphtml-fill-content" referrerpolicy="unsafe-url" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" id="google_ads_iframe_6"></iframe></amp-ad></div><p></p><p>The lockdown has sent shockwaves across the economy. The ability of people to spend money is no longer what it used to be. This has also had a significant effect on landlord-tenant relations. While the tenants’ ability to pay rent has been adversely affected, the economics of the landlords has also been disturbed. Tenants are seeking a waiver of rent as they have been unable to access their premises or because their incomes have been impacted.</p><p>Tenants are hoping to invoke the doctrine of force majeure as legal protection against the non-fulfilment of their contractual obligations. Even <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-pvr-reliance-retail-invoke-act-of-god-wont-pay-rent/articleshow/74923522.cms" target="_blank">large corporations</a> like PVR and Reliance Retail have been forced to invoke this maxim. Statutory bodies like the <a href="https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/treat-covid-19-as-force-majeure-under-rera-finance-ministry/75718131" target="_blank">RERA</a> in many states have had to take note of the pandemic as a force majeure.</p><div class="amp_Ad_4 amp-ad-2"><br></div><p></p><p><strong>What is force majeure?</strong></p><p>Though the Indian Contract Act does not refer to “force majeure” as such. The term is used as a convenient label to refer to a foreseeable stipulated circumstance or a supervening superior force that prevents someone from fulfilling their part of the contract.</p><p></p><p>The occurrence of a ‘force majeure’ would trigger the consequences stipulated in the contract. A typical force majeure clause would first define the events that would constitute a ‘force majeure’ and would then specify what consequences would follow if such an event occurred. The phrasing of the clause will decide whether a specific event falls within the force majeure clause and what consequences must follow. Force majeure is not a magic wand upon the waiving of which all contractual obligations, such as payment of rent, are terminated.</p><p>The ‘sanctity of a contract’ is the first and golden rule of contract law. Contracts must be honoured and performed, and there is no easy way to wriggle out of them. They are governed by the Contract Act and have the sanction of law which binds parties to faithfully perform their obligations.</p><div><div class="fixed-height-container article-internal-images"><amp-img class="contain i-amphtml-element i-amphtml-layout-fill i-amphtml-layout-size-defined i-amphtml-built i-amphtml-layout" itemprop="image" src="https://cdn.thewire.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/25195420/Great-India-Mall-closed-indefinately-in-Nodia-as-business-suffers-copy-1024x683.jpg" layout="fill" i-amphtml-layout="fill" i-amphtml-auto-lightbox-visited="" lightbox="i-amphtml-auto-lightbox-0"></amp-img></div><p>t India Mall in Noida has been shut indefinitely in Noida as business suffers. Photo: Shome Basu/The Wire</p></div><p><strong>Implied or explicit</strong></p><p>According to Indian law, a force majeure clause is not ordinarily an implied term of a contract. A court would not normally read such a clause into a contract. Besides, the threshold of proving an implied term is very high, especially for a fundamental term which will have the effect of releasing a party from performing its obligations. Ideally, it ought to be expressly stipulated.</p><p>If the contract does stipulate a Force Majeure it has to be strictly and narrowly construed. Even the court cannot rewrite that clause or read into it what is not expressly stipulated. Nothing can be added or taken away.</p><p>Also Read: <a href="https://thewire.in/law/force-majeure-india-economy-covid-19-lockdown" target="_blank">Will ‘Act of God’ Clauses in India Inc’s Contracts Help Restart the Economy?</a></p><p>The mere occurrence of a force majeure event is not by itself a reason to be excused from performance. Even if governments declare the coronavirus outbreak as a ‘force majeure’, it would only serve as evidence that a force majeure event has occurred. It would not alone be sufficient to excuse tenants from the rent due. Moreover, only those consequences which are stipulated in the force majeure clause would flow. Therefore, the language of the clause will dictate when the clause kicks in, and whether a party is exempted from performing its obligations. If the clause states that the event ought to be such that it “causes failure of the lessee to perform its obligations” or that it “prevents a party from fulfilling its obligations”, one must determine not only the nature of the obligation that the tenant claims it is failing or prevented from performing, but also whether such ‘failure’ or prevention is directly caused by the force majeure event.</p><p>In such a clause if the lessee desires to be excused from discharging its liability it must not only demonstrate that the force majeure was beyond its control but also prove that the event itself has caused the lessee to fail to perform its responsibility. The fact that if the tenant was compelled to perform its obligation, it would cause economic hardship or inconvenience, is not sufficient to take refuge under the force majeure clause. If there is an alternative way to overcome the effect of the force majeure event, the tenant would not be excused from payment of rent. If the tenant has funds available then its obligation to pay rent is not impacted. The tenant cannot rely on the force majeure clause, without trying to mitigate or explore alternative ways of performing the contract.</p><p>Anticipation is also a key. Relying on ‘Act of God’ as a force majeure event, in the words of our Supreme Court “<a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1863554/" target="_blank">does not operate as an excuse from liability, if there is reasonable possibility of anticipating their happening</a>”. In the recent past the world was inflicted with epidemics like SARS and H1N1. Eminent personalities like <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/not-missiles-microbes-bill-gates-had-warned-the-world-of-an-epidemic-5-yrs-ago/articleshow/74690072.cms?from=mdr" target="_blank">Bill Gates</a>, former US President <a href="https://scroll.in/video/959888/watch-barack-obama-had-warned-of-a-flu-pandemic-back-in-2014-though-donald-trump-denies-it" target="_blank">Barack Obama</a>, are only a few examples of people who cautioned the world on the need to be prepared for a deadly pandemic. As to whether COVID-19 and the resultant lockdown were ‘anticipated events’ and therefore ‘force majeure events’, would require some debate. Though tenancy agreements entered into prior to the SARS and H1N1 pandemics, may qualify as a force majeure event since a pandemic such as COVID-19 was not an anticipated event yet the consequent ‘lockdown’ may not satisfy that requirement. But this is not to say that on the happening of the pandemic or the lockdown the tenant would be automatically entitled to suspend payment of rent. The tenant will be entitled to claim only that relief which is stipulated in the agreement.</p><p>Unless the force majeure clause expressly stipulates, even the inability to ‘use’ the premises does not solely satisfy its requirements. ‘Use’ does not only mean the ability to come and go from the premises. It also includes its utilisation to house equipment, servers, furniture, security personnel etc.</p><p>Some of these views have been echoed by the Delhi high court in a <a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/130579261/" target="_blank">judgment</a> delivered on May 21. Noting various decisions of the Supreme Court, the learned judge considered the following factors:</p><ul><li>Nature of the property</li><li>Financial and social status of the parties</li><li>The amount of rent the property commands in the market</li><li>Any contractual condition that permits non-payment or suspension of rent;</li><li>Protection under the Government’s executive orders</li></ul><p>The court, having taken these into account, denied relief to a tenant who was seeking suspension of rent due to COVID-19 and the resulting lockdown.</p><p>Most force majeure clauses provide for a notice period. In those cases, a tenant must issue a timely intimation to the landlord of his intention to invoke the clause. If the tenant omits to issue a timely notice but does so later on, he would be entitled to waiver of rent only for the period after the date of the notice.</p><div><div class="fixed-height-container article-internal-images"><amp-img class="contain i-amphtml-element i-amphtml-layout-fill i-amphtml-layout-size-defined i-amphtml-built i-amphtml-layout" itemprop="image" src="https://cdn.thewire.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/10121634/Supreme-Court-copy-1024x455.jpg" layout="fill" i-amphtml-layout="fill" i-amphtml-auto-lightbox-visited="" lightbox="i-amphtml-auto-lightbox-1"></amp-img></div><p> Court of India in New Delhi. Photo: PTI</p></div><p><strong>Frustration of contract</strong></p><p>There is a popular notion that in the absence of a force majeure clause, the occurrence of COVID-19 can be cited as an event that has made performance of obligations under the lease agreement impossible or impracticable; and therefore the contract stands ‘frustrated’ within the meaning of <a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/648614/" target="_blank">Section 56</a> of the Contract Act.</p><p>Section 56 of the Contract Act has no application to leases:</p><p>The essential ingredients of the second part of Section 56 are that:</p><ol><li>There should be a valid and subsisting contract;</li><li>There must be some part of the contract yet to be performed; and</li><li>The contract, after it has been entered into, becomes impossible to performed.</li></ol><p>There is no doubt that the doctrine of frustration applies to contracts. A lease, however, is more than a mere contract as it results in the creation of an estate, or an interest in favour of the lessee. Once the lessee has been put in possession of the premise there is nothing more to be performed and thus condition (2) would not be satisfied. Section 56 i.e. doctrine of frustration has no application in cases of completed transfer unless there is an express provision to the contrary in the contract itself or in local usage.</p><p>As made clear by the Delhi high court in <em><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/159984777/" target="_blank">Airport Authority of India vs Hotel Leela Venture Limited</a></em>, the events which discharge a contract cannot invalidate a concluded transfer. The said judgment also clarifies that Section 108 (e) of the Transfer of Property Act, which defines, inter alia, the obligations of a lessee, is a special law and would supersede the doctrine of frustration, as the latter is a part of general law </p><p><br></p><p class="text-node" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 20.8px; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline;">Living on rent without a rent agreement. Is it legal?</p><p><strong></strong><br></p><p class="text-node">Yes, it is legal to stay on a property on rent without actually drafting a written rental agreement.</p><p><br></p><p class="text-node">In the absence of a rent agreement, the implied consent/contract is assumed if the owner is collecting the rent every month.</p><p><br></p><p class="text-node">Even though it is recommended to have a rent agreement to safeguard both parties' interests, the Indian law permits a tenant and a landlord to have a prosperous relationship without a written agreement.</p><p><br></p><p class="text-node">So, the non-existence of a rental agreement does not affect the legal rights of the tenant or the landlord as both are encapsulated under the common law.</p><p><br></p><p class="text-node">Typically, if you aren't contracted via a rent agreement, it is accepted as an oral lease.</p><p class="text-node">An oral lease though does not offer much room for restrictions and guidelines, it provides flexibility to both tenants and landlords.<br></p></div></div></article></main></div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-45399123521791158322021-12-15T17:45:00.001+03:002021-12-15T17:45:08.777+03:00റോഡതിര് വസ്തു - പ്രത്യേക അവകാശമെന്ത് ? <div>റോഡതിര് വസ്തു - പ്രത്യേക അവകാശമെന്ത് ? </div><div><br></div><div>വസ്തുവിന്റെ ഒരതിര് പൊതു റോഡാണ്. ഉടമസ്ഥൻ വസ്തുവിൽ വാണിജ്യാവശ്യത്തിനായി കെട്ടിടം നിർമ്മിച്ചു. എന്നാൽ വർഷങളായി അതിരിനോട് ചേർന്ന് നിലവിലുള്ള ഓട്ടോ സ്റ്റാൻഡിൽ നിരവധി ഓട്ടോകൾ നിരന്ന് കിടക്കുന്നതിനാൽ വസ്തുവിന്റെ റോഡതിര് ഭാഗം മുഴുവനായി ഉടമസ്ഥന് ഉപയോഗിക്കാനാകാത്ത അവസ്ഥ.</div><div>വിഷയം കോടതിയിലെത്തി. തദ്ദേശസ്ഥാപനാധികാരികൾ മധ്യസ്ഥതയ്ക്ക് ശ്രമിച്ചെങ്കിലും വിഷയം തീർന്നില്ല. </div><div><br></div><div>വസ്തു ഉടമസ്ഥന് റോഡിൻറെ ഏത് ഭാഗത്ത് കൂടിയും പൊതു റോഡിലേക്ക് ഇറങ്ങാം എന്നുള്ളത് ഉടമസ്ഥാവകാശ ത്തിൻറെ ഭാഗമായിട്ടുള്ളതാണ്. പാർക്കിംഗ് സംബന്ധിച്ച കാര്യങ്ങൾക്ക് പഞ്ചായത്ത് രാജിൽ അതിൻറെതായ നിയമങ്ങളുണ്ട്. കൂടാതെ കേരള പോലീസ് നിയമവും മോട്ടോർ വാഹന നിയമവും പാലിച്ചാകണം റോഡരികിലെ പാർക്കിംഗ്. വസ്തു ഉടമസ്ഥന് റോഡിലേക്ക് ഇറങ്ങാൻ ഉള്ള അവകാശം സ്ഥാപിച്ചു കൊടുക്കാൻ ഉത്തരവാദിത്വം അധികാരികൾക്കാണ്. 3 മാസത്തിനുള്ളിൽ ഓട്ടോറിക്ഷകൾ പാർക്ക് ചെയ്യുന്നതിന് അനുയോജ്യമായ സ്ഥലം കണ്ടെത്തി നൽകാൻ തദ്ദേശ ഭരണകൂടത്തോട് ഉത്തരവിട്ട കോടതി, പിന്നീടുള്ള പാർക്കിംഗ് നിയമവിരുദ്ധമായിരിക്കുമെന്ന് പരാമർശിച്ചു. </div><div>(WPC 21191/2020; Dt 28.06.2021)</div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-56296601402281295202021-11-21T16:16:00.001+03:002021-11-21T16:29:15.870+03:00The gift deed can be conditional or unconditional. The <b>gift deed can be conditional or unconditional</b>. If the gift deed is conditional then either the title may pass to the donee if the condition precedent is met, or the transfer of title may be revoked if the condition is not met. 2.<div><br></div><div><p>conditional gift deed can be executed by donor</p><p>2) as per gift deed condition can be incoprorated that donee shall maintain the donor during his lifetime</p><p>3) condition can be incoprorated that in case donee dies before donor gift cn be revoked</p><p>In this case the donee have been given vested interest on the happening of a certain event i.e. death of donor :; so the gift is valid.</p><p>2. Yes the gift can be conditional on this ground also since donor has no control on the date of his death.</p><p>In Thakur Raghunath Ji Maharaj v. Ramesh Chandra, (2001) 5 SCC 18; it is held by the supreme court of India that conditonal gift is valid. it is not necessary that such condition should be inserted in gift deed, if a separate agreement is made in respect of property gifted then such agreement renders it as a conditional gift.<br></p><p><br></p><h1 class="artTitle">What you must know when making a gift deed</h1></div><div><h1>Donor can stipulate conditions in a Gift Deed and resort to cancellation on non-compliance</h1></div><div><nav class="navbar navbar-inverse navbar-fixed-top" role="navigation"><div class="container-fluid"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><br></div></div></div></nav><div class="container pull-bottom"><div class="col-md-8"><div><br></div><div class="art-title"><h1>Donor can stipulate conditions in a Gift Deed and resort to cancellation on non-compliance</h1></div><div class="user-info"><br></div><div class="art-body"><p>Donor can stipulate conditions in a Gift Deed and resort to cancellation on non-compliance: The Clarification by the Supreme Court of India<br><br>An appeal was made to the Supreme Court raising a fundamental question as to the legality and nature of a gift deed wherein the donor reserves his right to possession and enjoyment of the property and the conveyance is subjected to the fulfillment of certain stipulated conditions present in the deed.<br><br><b>The two main issues raised before the court in the present appeal were[1]:</b><br>(i) whether a document styled as gift deed but admittedly executed for consideration, part of which has been paid and the balance promised to be paid, can be treated as formal document or instrument of gift, and<br>(ii) whether a document in terms whereof the executants of the document retained possession and reserved her right over the property being the subject matter of the document could be a deed of gift or whether such a document was a document in the nature of a will<br><br>The appellant in the present case is a widow, aged 74 years, who executed a gift deed in favor of the respondent (i.e. nephew of the appellant) in the expectation that he will take due care of the appellant and her husband and also for some pecuniary consideration. On a plain reading of the deed of gift it could be perceived that the deed will come in effect on the instance of the death of the appellant and her husband and not before.<br><br>The appellant in due course of time, in and around, 02.06.1999 executed a deed of cancellation thereby canceling the gift deed so made. To this effect, the respondent approached the court of learned Munsif Sasthamcotta praying to declare the cancellation deed as null and void and for his declaration of title over the suit property. To this the appellant filed another suit praying for a permanent injunction restraining the respondent from trespassing, committing waste or mischief in the suit property. Not going too much into the detailed timeline of the case, the present appeal is brought against the order dated 03.04.2017 of the High Court of Kerela at Ernakulam.<br><br>To understand what constitutes as a Gift, the Supreme Court in the case of <b>Naramadaben Maganlal Thakker v. Pranivandas Maganlal Thakker and others</b>, held “Gift means to transfer certain existing moveable or immoveable property voluntarily and without consideration by one person called the donor to another called the done and accepted by or on behalf of the donee”<br><br>The Supreme Court vide its judgment clarified that “A conditional gift with no recital of acceptance and no evidence in proof of acceptance, where possession remains with the donor as long as he is alive, does not become complete during the lifetime of the donor. When a gift is incomplete and title remains with the donor the deed of gift might be canceled”<br><br>The supreme court has with precision outlined that the conditions stipulated in the deed of a gift does not make the gift invalid and such gift shall be complete only upon fulfillment of the conditions, needless to say, that before such an instance the donor can cancel the deed of gift.<br><br>The position which is clarified in the instant case is with regard to the provisions effecting gift under the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 and not with regard to other personal laws on the subject.<br><br><b>For your ready reference, the definition of gift under section 122 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 is as under –<br></b>“Gift” is the transfer of certain existing movable or immovable property made voluntarily and without consideration, by one person, called the donor, to another, called the donee, and accepted by or on behalf of the donee.<br><br>The court to reach on the conclusion on the subject relied largely on the judgment of <b>Reninkuntla Rajamma v. K. Sarwanamma</b>[2], wherein it was held that the fact that the donor had reserved the right to enjoy the property during her lifetime did not affect the validity of the deed. The Court held that a gift made by registered instrument duly executed by or on behalf of the donor and attested by at least two witnesses is valid, if the same is accepted by or on behalf of the done. Such acceptance must, however, be made during the lifetime of the donor and while he is still capable of making an acceptance.<br><br>The court accepting this judgment was of the view that where a gift deed is executed subjected to certain conditions, the satisfaction of those conditions is of utmost importance and that conditions do not make the gift void neither does reserving the right to enjoy and possess the subject property by the donor.<br><br>The Supreme Court concluding the instant case held “We are in agreement with the decision of this Court in Reninkuntla Rajamma that there is no provision in law that ownership in property cannot be gifted without transfer of possession of such property. However, the conditions precedent of a gift as defined in section 122 of the Transfer of Property Act must be satisfied. A gift is transfer of property without consideration. Moreover, a conditional gift only becomes complete on compliance of the conditions in the deed”<br><br>The decision was given by a bench ofJustice Arun MishraandJustice Indira Banerjee in S. Sarojini Amma v. Velayudhan Pillai Sreekumar[3].<br><br><b>End-Notes</b><br>[1] CIVIL APPEAL NO. 10785 OF 2018<br>[2] (2014) 9 SCC 445<br>[3] CIVIL APPEAL NO. 10785 OF 2018</p><p><br></p><div class="amp-push-notification" id="ampPush" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 5px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; z-index: 9; left: 0px; right: 0px; top: 0px; background-color: rgb(1, 30, 40); color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px;"><div style="padding: 10px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; justify-content: space-between;"><span style="padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box;"><amp-img class="subscribe-icon i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined i-amphtml-element i-amphtml-built i-amphtml-layout" height="60" i-amphtml-layout="fixed" layout="fixed" src="https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/AW/s/images.livemint.com/icons/mintfavi.svg" srcset="https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w68/s/images.livemint.com/icons/mintfavi.svg 68w, https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w120/s/images.livemint.com/icons/mintfavi.svg 120w, https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w180/s/images.livemint.com/icons/mintfavi.svg 180w" width="60" i-amphtml-auto-lightbox-visited="" lightbox="i-amphtml-auto-lightbox-1" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; position: relative; overflow: hidden !important; width: 60px; height: 60px; --loader-delay-offset:0ms !important;"><img decoding="async" sizes="(max-width: 412px) 60px, 60px" srcset="https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w68/s/images.livemint.com/icons/mintfavi.svg 68w, https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w120/s/images.livemint.com/icons/mintfavi.svg 120w, https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w180/s/images.livemint.com/icons/mintfavi.svg 180w" src="https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/AW/s/images.livemint.com/icons/mintfavi.svg" class="i-amphtml-fill-content i-amphtml-replaced-content" style="padding: 0px !important; margin: auto; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; display: block; height: 0px; max-height: 100%; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; width: 0px; border: none !important; position: absolute; inset: 0px;"></amp-img></span><span class="notify-text" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; font-family: "Lato Regular", sans-serif; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Livemint wants to start sending you push notifications. Click allow to subscribe</span></div><div class="notify-btn" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; justify-content: space-between;"><button class="subscribe" style="padding: 10px 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: none; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; display: unset; align-items: center; text-align: center; border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 700; background: rgb(34, 55, 65); color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 0px 1px 1px 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); flex: 0 0 49.8%; line-height: 20px; font-family: "Lato Bold", sans-serif;">I'll do this later</button><button class="subscribe" style="padding: 10px 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: none; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; display: unset; align-items: center; text-align: center; border-radius: 0px 0px 5px 5px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 700; background: rgb(34, 55, 65); color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 0px 1px 1px 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); flex: 0 0 49.8%; line-height: 20px; font-family: "Lato Bold", sans-serif;">Allow</button></div></div><div class="header" i-amphtml-fixedid="F3" style="padding: 10px 16px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(219, 219, 219); position: fixed; top: calc(0px); width: 412.19px; z-index: 8; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><div class="clearfix" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box;"><button class="ampstart-btn caps m2" style="padding: 0px 3px; margin: 5px 10px 0px 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; float: left; width: 20px; height: 20px; position: relative; background: url("https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/AW/s/images.livemint.com/static/amp/icon-sprite.svg") -25px -736px no-repeat; display: block; border: 0px; cursor: pointer;"></button></div><a class="logo" href="https://www.livemint.com/amp" target="_top" style="padding: 0px; margin: 4px 0px 0px -6px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); width: 114.054px; text-align: left; display: block; float: left;"><amp-img alt="mint" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined i-amphtml-element i-amphtml-built i-amphtml-layout" height="20" i-amphtml-layout="fixed" src="https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/AW/s/images.livemint.com/static/amp/livemint-logo-v2.svg" srcset="https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w68/s/images.livemint.com/static/amp/livemint-logo-v2.svg 68w, https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w120/s/images.livemint.com/static/amp/livemint-logo-v2.svg 120w, https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w180/s/images.livemint.com/static/amp/livemint-logo-v2.svg 180w" title="mint" width="57" i-amphtml-auto-lightbox-visited="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; position: relative; overflow: hidden !important; width: 57px; height: 20px; --loader-delay-offset:546ms !important;"><img decoding="async" sizes="(max-width: 412px) 57px, 57px" alt="mint" title="mint" srcset="https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w68/s/images.livemint.com/static/amp/livemint-logo-v2.svg 68w, https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w120/s/images.livemint.com/static/amp/livemint-logo-v2.svg 120w, https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w180/s/images.livemint.com/static/amp/livemint-logo-v2.svg 180w" src="https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/AW/s/images.livemint.com/static/amp/livemint-logo-v2.svg" class="i-amphtml-fill-content i-amphtml-replaced-content" i-amphtml-auto-lightbox-visited="" style="padding: 0px !important; margin: auto; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; display: block; height: 0px; max-height: 100%; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; width: 0px; border: none !important; position: absolute; inset: 0px;"></amp-img></a><a amp-access="NOT loggedIn" class="ml15 epaper2 signin" title="Sign In" style="padding: 0px; margin: 9px -4px -9px 15px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); border: none; background: 0px 0px; font-family: Lato, Lato-Fallback, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; float: right; position: relative; font-weight: 700; height: 36px;">Sign in</a><div class="pos-rel fr" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; float: right; position: relative;"></div><a class="epaper2" href="https://accounts.hindustantimes.com/lm/userplan?cta=Explore&platform=amp" target="_top" style="padding: 0px; margin: 9px -4px -9px 10px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(117, 117, 117); border: none; background: 0px 0px; font-family: Lato, Lato-Fallback, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; float: right; position: relative; font-weight: 700; height: 36px;">Subscribe</a><a class="headerGetApp" href="https://mintiphone.page.link/?apn=com.htmedia.mint&isi=470175900&ibi=com.hindustantimes.mintiphone&ipbi=com.livemint.ipad&efr=1&utm_source=LMwebAMP&utm_medium=LMwebAMP&utm_campaign=LM_Masthead_download&ct=LM_Masthead_download&mt=8&pt=660495&link=https://www.livemint.com" target="_top" style="padding: 0px; margin: 7px 0px 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); width: 66px; height: 22px; display: block; float: right; background: url("https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/AW/s/images.livemint.com/dev/btn-get-app.svg") 0px 0px no-repeat;"></a></div></div><nav class="clearfix navP" id="leftNav" i-amphtml-fixedid="F4" style="padding: 0px 10px; margin: 57px 0px 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16) 0px 0px 6px 0px, rgba(178, 178, 178, 0.5) 0px 0px 4px 0px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; border-top: 0px; top: calc(0px); border-bottom: 0px; width: 412.19px; display: flex; z-index: 7; position: sticky; justify-content: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><a class="exclusivetrack" data-vars-event-action="amphome" data-vars-event-label="/" href="https://www.livemint.com/amp" id="fixedNav_home" target="_top" style="padding: 12px 0px; margin: 0px 19.6071px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(66, 66, 66); font-family: Lato, Lato-Fallback, sans-serif; font-weight: 900; font-size: 16px; display: inline-block; position: relative; text-transform: capitalize; width: auto; text-align: center;">Home</a><a class="exclusivetrack" data-vars-event-action="amplatestnews" data-vars-event-label="/amp-latest-news" href="https://www.livemint.com/amp-latest-news" id="fixedNav_latest" target="_top" style="padding: 12px 0px; margin: 0px 19.6071px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(66, 66, 66); font-family: Lato, Lato-Fallback, sans-serif; font-weight: 900; font-size: 16px; display: inline-block; position: relative; text-transform: capitalize; width: auto; text-align: center;">Latest</a><a class="exclusivetrack" data-vars-event-action="ampmostpopular" data-vars-event-label="/amp-mostpopular" href="https://www.livemint.com/amp-mostpopular" id="fixedNav_popular" target="_top" style="padding: 12px 0px; margin: 0px 19.6071px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(66, 66, 66); font-family: Lato, Lato-Fallback, sans-serif; font-weight: 900; font-size: 16px; display: inline-block; position: relative; text-transform: capitalize; width: auto; text-align: center;">Trending</a><a class="exclusivetrack " data-vars-event-action="amp-premium" data-vars-event-label="/amp-premium" href="https://www.livemint.com/amp-premium" id="exclusive" target="_top" style="padding: 12px 0px; margin: 0px 19.6071px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(66, 66, 66); font-family: Lato, Lato-Fallback, sans-serif; font-weight: 900; font-size: 16px; display: inline-block; position: relative; text-transform: capitalize; width: auto; text-align: center;">Premium<span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(241, 19, 19); display: block; position: absolute; top: 11px; right: -5px; width: 6px; height: 6px; border-radius: 50%;"></span></a></nav><nav class="clearfix navS" id="SecLeftNav" style="padding: 10px 16px 5px 9px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16) 0px 0px 6px 0px, rgba(178, 178, 178, 0.5) 0px 0px 4px 0px; background: rgb(224, 224, 224); overflow: auto hidden; white-space: nowrap; border-top: 1px solid rgb(219, 219, 219); height: auto; display: block; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span class="mobNavTab" style="padding: 5px 16px 0px; margin: -9px -16px -2px -9px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;"><div amp-access="NOT adFree" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box;"><amp-list binding="no" class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed-height i-amphtml-layout-size-defined i-amphtml-element i-amphtml-built i-amphtml-layout" height="48" i-amphtml-layout="fixed-height" layout="fixed-height" src="https://images.livemint.com/subscription/mint-offer/freedom_offer.json?v=2021112112" template="amp-template-id-offer" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; position: relative; overflow: hidden !important; height: 48px; --loader-delay-offset:547ms !important;"><div role="list" class="i-amphtml-fill-content i-amphtml-replaced-content" style="padding: 0px !important; margin: auto; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 0px; max-height: 100%; max-width: 100%; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; width: 0px; border: none !important; position: absolute; inset: 0px;"><div class="offerMob" role="listitem" style="padding: 0px; margin: 3px 0px 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; text-align: center; font-family: Lato, Lato-Fallback, sans-serif;">Up to<span> </span><strong style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box;">15% off</strong><span> </span>on premium plans<a target="_top" href="https://accounts.hindustantimes.com/lm/userplan?funnel_entry=TopNavBar" style="padding: 10px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(249, 157, 28); font-family: Lato, Lato-Fallback, sans-serif; font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; display: inline-block; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: none; width: auto; border: 1px solid rgb(249, 157, 28);">Subscribe Now</a></div></div></amp-list></div></span></nav><div class="fixadheight" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; height: 265px; overflow: hidden; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><div amp-access="NOT adFree" class="adHolder" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px auto; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; width: 320px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden;"><amp-ad width="300" type="doubleclick" rtc-config="{"vendors": {"IndexExchange": {"SITE_ID": "632443"},"openwrap": { "PROFILE_ID" : "2651","PUB_ID" : "156370"},"prebidrubicon": {"REQUEST_ID": "17094-LM_MF_AMP_AllPages_Masthead_A_Multisize"},"aps": {"PUB_ID": "600", "PUB_UUID":"04490307-82e6-4a26-8a03-ce88452d8ffd", "PARAMS":{"amp":"1"}}},"urls": ["https://segment-data.zqtk.net/htmedia-cna806f?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FMoney%2FbQmO3oAf3AGVyfYb223BfI%2FDonor-can-decide-whom-to-make-a-gift-and-in-what-proportion.html"],"timeoutMillis": 1000}" height="250" data-slot="/1055314/LM_MF_AMP_AllPages_Masthead_A_Multisize" data-multi-size="250x250" data-loading-strategy="prefer-viewability-over-views" i-amphtml-key="1" amp-access-template="" class="i-amphtml-element i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined i-amphtml-built i-amphtml-layout" i-amphtml-layout="fixed" data-amp-slot-index="0" data-a4a-upgrade-type="amp-ad-network-doubleclick-impl" data-amp-experiment-id="701,1102" data-google-query-id="CMW-r5_HqfQCFfIStwAdumMMRA" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; position: relative; overflow: hidden !important; direction: ltr; width: 300px; height: 250px; --loader-delay-offset:0ms !important;"><iframe height="250" width="300" title="3rd party ad content" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" allowtransparency="" scrolling="no" sandbox="allow-forms allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation" role="region" aria-label="Advertisement" tabindex="0" class="i-amphtml-fill-content" referrerpolicy="unsafe-url" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" id="google_ads_iframe_2" style="padding: 0px !important; margin: auto; list-style-type: none; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; border: 0px !important; display: block; height: 250px; max-height: 100%; max-width: 100%; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; width: 300px; inset: 0px;"></iframe></amp-ad></div></div><p><amp-web-push-widget class="i-amphtml-layout-fixed i-amphtml-layout-size-defined i-amphtml-element i-amphtml-built i-amphtml-layout" height="124" i-amphtml-layout="fixed" id="amp-web-p" layout="fixed" visibility="unsubscribed" width="360"></amp-web-push-widget></p><div class="mainSec"><div class="openinApp" i-amphtml-fixedid="F1"><a href="https://mintiphone.page.link/?apn=com.htmedia.mint&isi=470175900&ibi=com.hindustantimes.mintiphone&ipbi=com.livemint.ipad&efr=1&utm_campaign=open_app_detail&utm_medium=msite&utm_source=story_page&pt=660495&mt=8&ct=open_app&link=https://www.livemint.com/Money/bQmO3oAf3AGVyfYb223BfI/Donor-can-decide-whom-to-make-a-gift-and-in-what-proportion.html" target="_top">OPEN APP</a></div><div class="bcrumb pb16"><a href="https://www.livemint.com/" target="_top">Home</a> / <a href="https://www.livemint.com/opinion" target="_top">Opinion</a> / <a href="https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views" target="_top">Online-views</a> / Donor can decide whom to make a gift and in what proportion</div><section class="cardHolder open" id="story1"><article id="box_1540440775823"><h1 class="headline">Donor can decide whom to make a gift and in what proportion</h1><figure><span class="ampimgbox"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc"></i-amphtml-sizer><img class="i-amphtml-blurry-placeholder" placeholder="" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns%3Axlink='http%3A//www.w3.org/1999/xlink' viewBox='0 0 10 5'%3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='.5'%3E%3C/feGaussianBlur%3E%3CfeComponentTransfer%3E%3CfeFuncA type='discrete' tableValues='1 1'%3E%3C/feFuncA%3E%3C/feComponentTransfer%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage filter='url(%23b)' x='0' y='0' height='100%25' width='100%25' xlink%3Ahref='data%3Aimage/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDABALDA4MChAODQ4SERATGCgaGBYWGDEjJR0oOjM9PDkzODdASFxOQERXRTc4UG1RV19iZ2hnPk1xeXBkeFxlZ2P/2wBDARESEhgVGC8aGi9jQjhCY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2P/wAARCAAFAAoDASIAAhEBAxEB/8QAFgABAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAUG/8QAHRAAAgIBBQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQIAEQUSEzFhkf/EABUBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAB/8QAFxEBAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQARMf/aAAwDAQACEQMRAD8A0WQRzkC28/Qs0PJbQnQtmzXMRGVVe3//2Q=='%3E%3C/image%3E%3C/svg%3E" i-amphtml-auto-lightbox-visited=""><img decoding="async" sizes="(max-width: 412px) 378px, 100vw" alt="iStockphotos<br />" title="iStockphotos<br />" srcset="https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w560/s/images.livemint.com/rf/Image-621x414/LiveMint/Period1/2012/10/09/Photos/House--621x414.jpg 560w, https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w820/s/images.livemint.com/rf/Image-621x414/LiveMint/Period1/2012/10/09/Photos/House--621x414.jpg 820w" src="https://images-livemint-com.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/AW/s/images.livemint.com/rf/Image-621x414/LiveMint/Period1/2012/10/09/Photos/House--621x414.jpg" class="i-amphtml-fill-content i-amphtml-replaced-content" i-amphtml-auto-lightbox-visited=""></span><figcaption>iStockphotos<br></figcaption></figure><span class="articleInfo pubtime"><em><span id="tmread_1540440775823">2 min read</span></em> <strong>.</strong> <span data-epoctime="2012-10-08T20:17:24+05:30" data-expandedtime="Updated: 08 Oct 2012, 08:17 PM IST" data-sectionname="opinion" data-updatedlongtime="08 Oct 2012" data-updatedtime="2012-10-08T20:17:24+05:30" id="tBox_1540440775823">08 Oct 2012</span></span><span class="articleInfo author"><a href="https://www.livemint.com/Search/Link/Author/Shabnum-Kajiji" target="_top"><strong>Shabnum Kajiji</strong></a></span><p class="summary">To whom your mother gifts the property and in what proportion is the prerogative of your mother.</p></article><div class="mainArea"><div amp-access="subscribed OR NOT decision"></div><div></div><section amp-access="subscribed OR NOT decision"><p></p><p><b>My mother owns a house and we are two brothers and two sisters. My mother wants to bequeath the house to her sons only as she gave money to my two sisters when they got married in 1999 and 2005, respectively. However, my sisters want equal claim in the house. Can they legally claim that in a court of law? Is it better to just get a will drafted as per my mother’s wish and get it executed when required? Also, my mother wants to bequeath a majority of the property in my name as I have taken care of her for a long time. Can my brother challenge her decision?</b></p><p><b>Make a gift:</b> If your mother wants to transfer the house to you and your brother during her lifetime, your mother may execute a gift deed, gifting the property to you and your brother in the proportion that she wishes. As per section 122 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882, a gift is considered valid when it is made voluntarily; it is without consideration, there has been an offer by the donor; and the offer has been accepted by the donee, and the donee actually accepts the gift. Your sisters may challenge the said gift if any of the four conditions have not been fulfilled.<b><br></b></p><p><br></p><section amp-access="subscribed OR NOT decision"><div class="paywall"><p>Under section 17 of the Indian Registration Act, 1908, the “instruments of gift of immovable property" is a document that needs to be compulsorily registered. Section 49 of the Registration Act inter alia states that no document required by section 17 or by any provision of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 to be registered shall affect any immovable property comprised therein unless it has been registered. Thus, if the gift deed is not registered, it can be challenged by your siblings.</p></div></section><section amp-access="subscribed OR NOT decision"><div class="paywall"><p>Your sisters could also challenge the gift on the ground that the gift deed was executed by your mother as a result of fraud being practised on her or as a result of misrepresentation of facts or under undue influence or that she has not exercised her free will to execute the said gift deed. However, your sisters will have to furnish proof.</p></div></section><section amp-access="subscribed OR NOT decision"><div class="paywall"><p>It may be noted that to whom your mother gifts the property and in what proportion is the prerogative of your mother so your siblings can’t challenge the gift on these grounds</p><section amp-access="subscribed OR NOT decision"><div class="paywall"><p><b>Make a will:</b> If your mother does not want to transfer the property to you and your brother during her lifetime, she may execute a will and bequeath it in the proportion that she wishes.</p></div></section><section amp-access="subscribed OR NOT decision"><div class="paywall"><p>A will need not be compulsorily registered. But two competent persons should have signed the will as witnesses.</p></div></section><section amp-access="subscribed OR NOT decision"><div class="paywall"><p>Your siblings may challenge the will in a court of competent jurisdiction but they will have to prove that it was not executed by your mother while exercising her free will.</p><p><b>No gift, no will:</b> If your mother dies intestate (without a will), then each of your siblings and you will inherit the property in accordance with the laws of succession that govern your mother at the time of her death.<br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p></div></section></div></section></section></div></section></div></div></div></div></div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-58702310765133170222021-11-19T17:55:00.001+03:002021-11-19T17:55:22.309+03:00sec 73. Compensation for loss or damage caused by breach of contract.<div class="doc_title">Section 73 in The Indian Contract Act, 1872</div><div class="article" id="73">73. Compensation for loss or damage caused by breach of contract.—When a contract has been broken, the party who suffers by such breach is entitled to receive, from the party who has broken the contract, compensation for any loss or damage caused to him thereby, which naturally arose in the usual course of things from such breach, or which the parties knew, when they made the contract, to be likely to result from the breach of it. —When a contract has been broken, the party who suffers by such breach is entitled to receive, from the party who has broken the contract, compensation for any loss or damage caused to him thereby, which naturally arose in the usual course of things from such breach, or which the parties knew, when they made the contract, to be likely to result from the breach of it." Such compensation is not to be given for any remote and indirect loss or damage sustained by reason of the breach. Compensation for failure to discharge obligation resembling those created by contract.—When an obligation resembling those created by contract has been incurred and has not been discharged, any person injured by the failure to discharge it is entitled to receive the same compensation from the party in default, as if such person had contracted to discharge it and had broken his contract. —When an obligation resembling those created by contract has been incurred and has not been discharged, any person injured by the failure to discharge it is entitled to receive the same compensation from the party in default, as if such person had contracted to discharge it and had broken his contract." Explanation.—In estimating the loss or damage arising from a breach of contract, the means which existed of remedying the inconvenience caused by the non-performance of the contract must be taken into account. Illustrations<div class="section" id="73_a"><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/735576/">(a)</a> A contracts to sell and deliver 50 maunds of saltpetre to B, at a certain price to be paid on delivery. A breaks his promise. B is entitled to receive from A, by way of compensation, the sum, if any, by which the contract price falls short of the price for which B might have obtained 50 maunds of saltpetre of like quality at the time when the saltpetre ought to have been delivered. (a) A contracts to sell and deliver 50 maunds of saltpetre to B, at a certain price to be paid on delivery. A breaks his promise. B is entitled to receive from A, by way of compensation, the sum, if any, by which the contract price falls short of the price for which B might have obtained 50 maunds of saltpetre of like quality at the time when the saltpetre ought to have been delivered."</div><div class="section" id="73_b"><div class="section" id="73_b"><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1937902/">(b)</a> A hires B’s ship to go to Bombay, and there takes on board, on the first of January, a cargo, which A is to provide, and to bring it to Calcutta, the freight to be paid when earned. B’s ship does not go to Bombay, but A has opportunities of procuring suitable conveyance for the cargo upon terms as advantageous as those on which he had chartered the ship. A avails himself of those opportunities, but is put to trouble and expense in doing so. A is entitled to receive compensation from B in respect of such trouble and expense. (b) A hires B’s ship to go to Bombay, and there takes on board, on the first of January, a cargo, which A is to provide, and to bring it to Calcutta, the freight to be paid when earned. B’s ship does not go to Bombay, but A has opportunities of procuring suitable conveyance for the cargo upon terms as advantageous as those on which he had chartered the ship. A avails himself of those opportunities, but is put to trouble and expense in doing so. A is entitled to receive compensation from B in respect of such trouble and expense."</div><div class="section" id="73_c"><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1064638/">(c)</a> A contracts to buy of B, at a stated price, 50 maunds of rice, no time being fixed for delivery. A afterwards informs B that he will not accept the rice if tendered to him. B is entitled to receive from A, by way of compensation, the amount, if any, by which the contract price exceeds that which B can obtain for the rice at the time when A informs B that he will not accept it. (c) A contracts to buy of B, at a stated price, 50 maunds of rice, no time being fixed for delivery. A afterwards informs B that he will not accept the rice if tendered to him. B is entitled to receive from A, by way of compensation, the amount, if any, by which the contract price exceeds that which B can obtain for the rice at the time when A informs B that he will not accept it."</div><div class="section" id="73_c"><br></div><div class="section" id="73_c"><div class="section" id="73_d"><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1550820/">(d)</a> A contracts to buy B’s ship for 60,000 rupees, but breaks his promise. A must pay to B, by way of compensation, the excess, if any, of the contract price over the price which B can obtain for the ship at the time of the breach of promise. (d) A contracts to buy B’s ship for 60,000 rupees, but breaks his promise. A must pay to B, by way of compensation, the excess, if any, of the contract price over the price which B can obtain for the ship at the time of the breach of promise."</div><div class="section" id="73_e"><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1545696/">(e)</a> A, the owner of a boat, contracts with B to take a cargo of jute to Mirzapur, for sale at that place, starting on a specified day. The boat, owing to some avoidable cause, does not start at the time appointed, whereby the arrival of the cargo at Mirzapur is delayed beyond the time when it would have arrived if the boat had sailed according to the contract. After that date, and before the arrival of the cargo, the price of jute falls. The measure of the compensation payable to B by A is the difference between the price which B could have obtained for the cargo at Mirzapur at the time when it would have arrived if forwarded in due course, and its market price at the time when it actually arrived. (e) A, the owner of a boat, contracts with B to take a cargo of jute to Mirzapur, for sale at that place, starting on a specified day. The boat, owing to some avoidable cause, does not start at the time appointed, whereby the arrival of the cargo at Mirzapur is delayed beyond the time when it would have arrived if the boat had sailed according to the contract. After that date, and before the arrival of the cargo, the price of jute falls. The measure of the compensation payable to B by A is the difference between the price which B could have obtained for the cargo at Mirzapur at the time when it would have arrived if forwarded in due course, and its market price at the time when it actually arrived."</div><div class="section" id="73_f"><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/645058/">(f)</a> A contracts to repair B’s house in a certain manner, and receives payment in advance. A repairs the house, but not according to contract. B is entitled to recover from A the cost of making the repairs conform to the contract. (f) A contracts to repair B’s house in a certain manner, and receives payment in advance. A repairs the house, but not according to contract. B is entitled to recover from A the cost of making the repairs conform to the contract."</div><div class="section" id="73_f"><br></div><div class="section" id="73_f"><div class="section" id="73_g"><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1063392/">(g)</a> A contracts to let his ship to B for a year, from the first of January, for a certain price. Freights rise, and, on the first of January, the hire obtainable for the ship is higher than the contract price. A breaks his promise. He must pay to B, by way of compensation, a sum equal to the difference between the contract price and the price for which B could hire a similar ship for a year on and from the first of January. (g) A contracts to let his ship to B for a year, from the first of January, for a certain price. Freights rise, and, on the first of January, the hire obtainable for the ship is higher than the contract price. A breaks his promise. He must pay to B, by way of compensation, a sum equal to the difference between the contract price and the price for which B could hire a similar ship for a year on and from the first of January."</div><div class="section" id="73_h"><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1491690/">(h)</a> A contracts to supply B with a certain quantity of iron at a fixed price, being a higher price than that for which A could procure and deliver the iron. B wrongfully refuses to receive the iron. B must pay to A, by way of compensation, the difference between the contract price of the iron and the sum for which A could have obtained and delivered it. (h) A contracts to supply B with a certain quantity of iron at a fixed price, being a higher price than that for which A could procure and deliver the iron. B wrongfully refuses to receive the iron. B must pay to A, by way of compensation, the difference between the contract price of the iron and the sum for which A could have obtained and delivered it."</div><div class="section" id="73_i"><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/428105/">(i)</a> A delivers to B, a common carrier, a machine, to be conveyed, without delay, to A’s mill, informing B that his mill is stopped for want of machine. B unreasonably delays the delivery of the machine, and A, in consequence, loses a profitable contract with the Government. A is entitled to receive from B, by way of compensation, the average amount of profit which would have been made by the working of the mill during the time that delivery of it was delayed, but not the loss sustained through the loss of the Government contract. (i) A delivers to B, a common carrier, a machine, to be conveyed, without delay, to A’s mill, informing B that his mill is stopped for want of machine. B unreasonably delays the delivery of the machine, and A, in consequence, loses a profitable contract with the Government. A is entitled to receive from B, by way of compensation, the average amount of profit which would have been made by the working of the mill during the time that delivery of it was delayed, but not the loss sustained through the loss of the Government contract."</div><div class="section" id="73_i"><br></div><div class="section" id="73_i"><div class="section" id="73_j"><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/684693/">(j)</a> A, having contracted with B to supply B with 1,000 tons of iron at 100 rupees a ton, to be delivered at a stated time, contracts with C for the purchase of 1,000 tons of iron at 80 rupees a ton, telling C that he does so for the purpose of performing his contract with B. C fails to perform his contract with A, who cannot procure other iron, and B, in consequence, rescinds the contract. C must pay to A 20,000 rupees, being the profit which A would have made by the performance of his contract with B. (j) A, having contracted with B to supply B with 1,000 tons of iron at 100 rupees a ton, to be delivered at a stated time, contracts with C for the purchase of 1,000 tons of iron at 80 rupees a ton, telling C that he does so for the purpose of performing his contract with B. C fails to perform his contract with A, who cannot procure other iron, and B, in consequence, rescinds the contract. C must pay to A 20,000 rupees, being the profit which A would have made by the performance of his contract with B."</div><div class="section" id="73_k"><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/890388/">(k)</a> A contracts with B to make and deliver to B, by a fixed day, for a specified price, a certain piece of machinery. A does not deliver the piece of machinery, at the time specified, and, in consequence of this, B is obliged to procure another at a higher price than that which he was to have paid to A, and is prevented from performing a contract which B had made with a third person at the time of his contract with A (but which had not been communicated to A), and is compelled to make compensation for breach of that contract. A must pay to B, by way of compensation, the difference between the contract price of the price of machinery and the sum paid by B for another, but not the sum paid by B to the third person by way of compensation. (k) A contracts with B to make and deliver to B, by a fixed day, for a specified price, a certain piece of machinery. A does not deliver the piece of machinery, at the time specified, and, in consequence of this, B is obliged to procure another at a higher price than that which he was to have paid to A, and is prevented from performing a contract which B had made with a third person at the time of his contract with A (but which had not been communicated to A), and is compelled to make compensation for breach of that contract. A must pay to B, by way of compensation, the difference between the contract price of the price of machinery and the sum paid by B for another, but not the sum paid by B to the third person by way of compensation."</div><div class="section" id="73_k"><br></div><div class="section" id="73_k"><div class="section" id="73_l"><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/968491/">(l)</a> A, a builder, contracts to erect and finish a house by the first of January, in order that B may give possession of it at that time to C, to whom B has contracted to let it. A is informed of the contract between B and C. A builds the house so badly that, before the first of January, it falls down and has to be re-built by B, who, in consequence, loses the rent which he was to have received from C, and is obliged to make compensations to C for the breach of his contract. A must make compensation to B for the cost of rebuilding of the house, for the rent lost, and for the compensation made to C. (l) A, a builder, contracts to erect and finish a house by the first of January, in order that B may give possession of it at that time to C, to whom B has contracted to let it. A is informed of the contract between B and C. A builds the house so badly that, before the first of January, it falls down and has to be re-built by B, who, in consequence, loses the rent which he was to have received from C, and is obliged to make compensations to C for the breach of his contract. A must make compensation to B for the cost of rebuilding of the house, for the rent lost, and for the compensation made to C."</div><div class="section" id="73_m"><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1764423/">(m)</a> A sells certain merchandise to B, warranting it to be of a particular quality, and B, in reliance upon this warranty, sells it to C with a similar warranty. The goods prove to be not according to the warranty, and B becomes liable to pay C a sum of money by way of compensation. B is entitled to be reimbursed this sum by A. (m) A sells certain merchandise to B, warranting it to be of a particular quality, and B, in reliance upon this warranty, sells it to C with a similar warranty. The goods prove to be not according to the warranty, and B becomes liable to pay C a sum of money by way of compensation. B is entitled to be reimbursed this sum by A."</div><div class="section" id="73_m"><br></div><div class="section" id="73_m"><div class="section" id="73_n"><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/779140/">(n)</a> A contracts to pay a sum of money to B on a day specified. A does not pay the money on that day. B, in consequence of not receiving the money on that day, is unable to pay his debts, and is totally ruined. A is not liable to make good to B anything except the principal sum he contracted to pay, together with interest upto the day of payment. (n) A contracts to pay a sum of money to B on a day specified. A does not pay the money on that day. B, in consequence of not receiving the money on that day, is unable to pay his debts, and is totally ruined. A is not liable to make good to B anything except the principal sum he contracted to pay, together with interest upto the day of payment."</div><div class="section" id="73_o"><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/675703/">(o)</a> A contracts to deliver 50 maunds of saltpetre to B on the first of January, at a certain price, B, afterwards, before the first of January, contracts to sell the saltpetre to C at a price higher than the market price of the first of January. A breaks his promise. In estimating the compensation payable by A to B, the market price of the first of January, and not the profit which would have arisen to B from the sale to C, is to be taken into account. (o) A contracts to deliver 50 maunds of saltpetre to B on the first of January, at a certain price, B, afterwards, before the first of January, contracts to sell the saltpetre to C at a price higher than the market price of the first of January. A breaks his promise. In estimating the compensation payable by A to B, the market price of the first of January, and not the profit which would have arisen to B from the sale to C, is to be taken into account."</div><div class="section" id="73_p"><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/322113/">(p)</a> A contracts to sell and deliver 500 bales of cotton to B on a fixed day. A knows nothing of B’s mode of conducting his business. A breaks his promise, and B, having no cotton, is obliged to close his mill. A is not responsible to B for the loss caused to B by closing of the mill. (p) A contracts to sell and deliver 500 bales of cotton to B on a fixed day. A knows nothing of B’s mode of conducting his business. A breaks his promise, and B, having no cotton, is obliged to close his mill. A is not responsible to B for the loss caused to B by closing of the mill."</div><div class="section" id="73_p"><br></div><div class="section" id="73_p">(q) A contracts to sell and deliver to B, on the first of January, certain cloth which B intends to manufacture into caps of a particular kind, for which there is no demand, except at that season. The cloth is not delivered till after the appointed time, and too late to be used that year in making caps. B is entitled to receive from A, by way of compensation, the difference between the contract price of the cloth and its market price at the time of delivery, but not the profits which he expected to obtain by making caps, nor the expenses which he has been put to in making preparation for the manufacture. (q) A contracts to sell and deliver to B, on the first of January, certain cloth which B intends to manufacture into caps of a particular kind, for which there is no demand, except at that season. The cloth is not delivered till after the appointed time, and too late to be used that year in making caps. B is entitled to receive from A, by way of compensation, the difference between the contract price of the cloth and its market price at the time of delivery, but not the profits which he expected to obtain by making caps, nor the expenses which he has been put to in making preparation for the manufacture."<br></div><div class="section" id="73_p"><br></div><div class="section" id="73_p"><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-37511451151800617742021-11-19T17:41:00.001+03:002021-11-19T17:41:32.273+03:00What happens if builder delay construction?In the case of delivery delays – if the builder does not complete the project upon the date of completion, <b>the buyer will be given the option of withdrawing from the construction project</b> and will be entitled to a full refund from the developer.<div><br></div><div><div class="co8aDb gsrt" aria-level="3" role="heading"><b>How to Handle Disputes with Builders</b></div><div class="RqBzHd"><ol class="X5LH0c"><li class="TrT0Xe">Give Them a Chance to Put Things Right. In dispute resolution, communication is always key to avoiding a lengthy and costly court case for both parties. ... </li><li class="TrT0Xe">Speak to Another Expert. ... </li><li class="TrT0Xe">Document Everything. ... </li><li class="TrT0Xe">Make an Official Complaint. ... </li><li class="TrT0Xe">Consider How You Paid. ... </li><li class="TrT0Xe">Go to Court.</li></ol><div>Why do builders delay projects?<br></div><div><br></div><div>However, delays can happen for various reasons such <b>weather</b>, equipment failures, labor shortages, missing or incorrect data, project mistakes and conflicts. There are some reasons, like weather that are beyond your control, but most construction project delays can be avoided.<br></div><div><br></div><div>What happens if builder breaches contract?<br></div><div><br></div><div>Most contracts will require that a home owner <b>give the builder a notice particularising the breach</b> and provide that the builder has a period of time to then rectify the breach before any other action can be taken including bringing a claim for damages or engaging a third party to complete the works.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Can I refuse to pay my builder?<br></div><div><br></div><div>If the Tradesman failed to deliver what you expected when undertaking work you need to ensure you raise the issue with them as you notice it. ... If you do not pay then <b>the Tradesman has the right to remove what they have done or</b> they may take you to Court. You should therefore be fair and reasonable in your approach.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Can builder sue me?<br></div><div>ANSWER: Property owners can sue a builder/contractor <b>for fraudulent or deceitful practices to collect damages suffered</b> using one or more of the following theories of liability (this list is not exhaustive): 1. Breach of Contract.<br></div><div>Can a builder take back materials?<br></div><div><span class="ILfuVd">Every building contract states that the materials remain property of the builder until they are paid. ... <b>He has every right to reclaim his property</b> and is allowed to do so if there is a clause in his terms and conditions stating that he retains full ownership until payment is received in full.</span><br></div><div><span class="ILfuVd"><br></span></div><div><span class="ILfuVd"><div class="co8aDb gsrt" aria-level="3" role="heading"><b>Ways to Resolve a Dispute With Your Contractor</b></div><div class="RqBzHd"><ol class="X5LH0c"><li class="TrT0Xe">Check Your Contract. The first step to resolving any dispute with a contractor is to carefully review your contract. ... </li><li class="TrT0Xe">Communicate and Negotiate. ... </li><li class="TrT0Xe">Mediation. ... </li><li class="TrT0Xe">Arbitration. ... </li><li class="TrT0Xe">Go to Court. ... </li><li class="TrT0Xe">Key Takeaways.</li></ol><div>Can I withhold payment for building work?<br></div><div>By law, <b>customers can only withhold a 'reasonable' amount of payment on a job</b>. For example, if a customer is unhappy with the installation of a single plug socket on a full kitchen refurb then they can only withhold the amount required to fix that issue.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Can a contractor abandon a contract?<br></div><div><br></div><div>Contract abandonment is when both parties involved in a binding contract have conducted themselves in a manner where the original contract is no longer valid. ... In the case of contract abandonment, <b>both parties must mutually agree to abandon the contract</b>.<br></div><div><br></div><div><h1 itemprop="headline">What should you do if the builder delays the project incessantly?</h1></div><div><br></div><div><p><strong><i>With an increasing number of cases of delayed real estate projects in India, it is important for homebuyers to know their rights and the legal course of action to uphold the same. Here are some legal measures a homebuyer can pursue in case the project is inordinately delayed.</i></strong></p><p>A delayed real estate project is the biggest nightmare for a homebuyer since it results in huge monetary loss and mental agony. While earlier, the absence of standard regulations led to years of litigation and thus, delayed possession timelines, the scenario has significantly improved after the enforcement of the <a title="RERA guidelines" href="https://www.99acres.com/articles/rera-real-estate-act-rules-law-registration-guidelines.html" target="_blank">Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (RERA)</a>.</p><p>RERA has not only enabled a regulatory framework and provided an avenue to fast-track dispute resolution, but has also infused the much-needed transparency into the sector. This has resulted in reduced incompetence and delays and established a pan India model for construction practices. The Act also hypothesises builders’ accountability towards consumers and categorically defines a series of actions a homebuyer can take in case a builder refuses to handover the project within the stipulated time or perpetually extends the possession deadline.</p><p>Primarily, the word delay means that a promoter/builder in the agreement of sale has agreed to complete the project and give the possession of the property within a period but has failed to do so.</p><p>Sudhir Reddy, Founder, Reddy and Reddy Law Firm, avers that in case a builder delays the project delivery beyond a period as agreed upon in the agreement for sale, then the aggrieved homebuyer can take legal action against the promoter.</p><p><br></p><p><b>Legal recourse for delayed projects under RERA: <a title="How to file a complaint under RERA" href="https://www.99acres.com/articles/how-to-file-a-complaint-under-rera.html" target="_blank">Filing the complaint</a></b></p><ul><li>As per section 31 of RERA, an aggrieved consumer may file a complaint with the Authority or adjudicating officer, appointed under the legislation. Apart from the builder, a homebuyer can also file a complaint against the real estate agent in the form or manner provided under the Act.</li><li>As per section 79 of RERA, civil courts are barred from entertaining disputes (suits or proceedings) in respect to matters of Real Estate Regulatory Authority. Only the adjudicating officer or the Appellate Tribunal is empowered under the Act to deal with disputes in real estate projects. However, the consumer forums (National, State or District) have not been barred from the ambit of the Act. Section 71 proviso permits the complainant to withdraw his complaint as regards to matters under section 12, 14, 18 and 19, from the consumer forum and file it with the adjudicating officer appointed under the Act, shared Reddy.</li></ul><p><b>Claim refund</b></p><p><b></b>“RERA allows a homebuyer a choice of seeking either interest on delayed possession or a complete refund of the money paid along with interest thereon. However, if the builder fails to provide the desired compensation, severe penalties have been rolled under RERA ranging from imprisonment to registration cancellation,” shares, Vineet Naik, Senior Advocate, Bombay High Court.</p><ul><li>As per section 18(1) of RERA, in the events where the promoter delays the possession of a property or fails to complete the project within the agreed time as mentioned in the sale agreement, he shall be liable to return the amount received from the buyer in respect of the apartment/property or plot, along with the due interest. The interest imposed is 10 percent of the amount invested by the buyer. In case of non-compliance, a builder might face imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years or a fine up to 10 percent of the estimated cost of the real estate project, or both.</li><li>If the builder unilaterally changes the possession date of the project, then the buyer has a right to withdraw from the project and claim refund of the invested amount within 45 days.</li><li>If the buyer does not withdraw the possession of the apartment/property, he/she retains the right to be compensated for the delay in the form of monthly interest till the date of handover. The monthly interest would be paid as per the rates prescribed under the legislation. The interest must be automatically initiated by the builder or the promoter when the delay commences. However, in case of a grievance, the allottee may approach the Authority.</li></ul><p><b>Legal recourse outside the ambit of RERA</b></p><p>Under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, a homebuyer can register a complaint under Section 2(1) (c) for deficiency in services. The term deficiency in services refers to any fault, imperfection, shortcoming or inadequacy in the quality, nature and manner of performance, which is required to be maintained as as per the law.</p><p>As per the latest ruling by the <a title="NCDRC to handle disputes of properties priced over 1 crore" href="https://www.99acres.com/articles/maharashtra-ncdrc-to-handle-disputes-of-properties-priced-over-rs-1-crore-nid.html" target="_blank">National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC)</a>, buyers can seek refund from the developer if the possession of the house or a flat is delayed beyond one year. Depending upon the value of the property, buyers can approach NCDRC in the following courts:</p><ul><li>For properties worth Rs 20 lakh complaints should be filed with the District Commission</li><li>For properties valuing between Rs 20 lakh and Rs 1 crore grievances should be listed with the State Commission</li><li>For claims more than Rs 1 crore, a homebuyer should approach the National Commission</li></ul><p><a title="How to file a complaint in consumer court against a builder?" href="https://www.99acres.com/articles/how-to-file-a-complaint-in-consumer-court-against-real-estate-builders.html" target="_blank">Know how to file a complaint in consumer court against real estate builders</a>?<a href="file:///C:/Users/Subhadra.badauria/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/WFQ9XFXY/What%20to%20do%20if%20the%20builder%20delays%20the%20property%20possession_Subhadra_July%2030.docx#_msocom_2"><br></a></p><p>Additionally, the Domestic Building Contracts Act, 1995 also protects homebuyers’ rights in case a builder inordinately delays the possession of the property. The Act oversees if the project construction is as per the approved plan and is completed within pre-decided time or not. Besides, it also administers the construction quality of the project.</p><p>Overall, the execution of RERA has eased out the process of complaint registration in case of a delayed project. Homebuyers are also confident of faster and fair resolutions under the law. However, it is imperative to do due diligence. One must only invest in a project by a credible builder with an excellent past record and market reputation and stay abreast of the latest changes in the rules and regulations of the real estate sector. </p></div></div></span></div></div></div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-17837010361133949712021-11-09T17:52:00.001+03:002021-11-09T17:52:11.939+03:00പളളിക്കേസ്: നിയമ സമുഹത്തിന് പറ്റിയ വലിയനാണക്കേടോ?-- മാത്യൂസ് ജെ. നെടുംപാറ<div>പളളിക്കേസ്: നിയമ സമുഹത്തിന് പറ്റിയ വലിയ</div><div>നാണക്കേടോ?</div><div><br></div><div>-- മാത്യൂസ് ജെ. നെടുംപാറ</div><div><br></div><div>(1) എന്താണ് പളളിക്കേസ്: സാധാരണക്കാരന് കൃത്യമായി നിശ്ചയമില്ല. മഹാഭൂരിപക്ഷം ജനങ്ങളും ഇന്നും ധരിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത് യാക്കോബായക്കാർ തങ്ങള്ക്കെതിരായ സുപ്രീം കോടതി വിധി നടപ്പാക്കുന്നത് എതിര്ക്കുന്നു. നിയമവാഴ്ചയെ വെല്ലുവിളിക്കുന്നു. എന്നാല് യാഥാര്ത്ഥ്യം എന്താണ്?</div><div><br></div><div>(2) ഇവിടെ ഒരു സുപ്രീം കോടതി വിധിയുമില്ല. ഇല്ലാത്ത സുപ്രീം കോടതി വിധി ബലം പ്രയോഗിച്ച് നടപ്പാക്കാനാണ് കേരള ഹൈക്കോടതി CRPF വരെ വിളിയ്ക്കാന് ഉത്തരവിട്ടത്. സത്യമതാണ്. നിങ്ങള്ക്ക് വിശ്വസിക്കാന് പ്രയാസമായിരിക്കും. Res judicata എന്ന Fundamental നിയമ principle Delhi യിലെ വക്കീലന്മാര്ക്ക് നല്ല നിശ്ചയമില്ലാതെ പോയതാണ് ഈ ദുരിതങ്ങളുടെയെല്ലാം അടിസ്ഥാന കാരണം.</div><div><br></div><div>(3) എന്താണ് Res judicata ഉദാഹരണത്തിന് A യും B യും തമ്മിലുള്ള കേസില് സുപ്രീം കോടതി ഒരു ഭാഗത്തെ മാത്രം കേട്ടശേഷം 1 + 1 = 2 എന്നാണ് എന്ന് വിധിച്ചു എന്നു കരുതുക. ആ വിധി തെറ്റാണ്. Res judicata അല്ല. അങ്ങനെ ഒരു വിധിയെ ഇല്ല. അത് void ആണ്. ഇനി കോടതി രണ്ടു ഭാഗത്തേയും കേട്ട ശേഷം 1 + 1 = 0 എന്ന് വിധിച്ചുവെന്ന് കരുതുക. അത് ശരിയാണ്. Res judicata ആണ്. Binding ആണ്. എന്തുകൊണ്ട്? കോടതി വിധി തെറ്റാണെങ്കിലും ശരിയാണ്. Binding ആണ്. നിരപരാധിയെ സുപ്രീം കോടതി കുറ്റക്കാരനായി കണ്ട് തൂക്കിലേറ്റാൻ വിധിച്ചാൽ അയാൾ തൂങ്ങും. നിയമചരിത്രത്തിൽ എത്രയോ നിരപരാധികള് തുക്കിലേറ്റപ്പെട്ടിരിയ്ക്കുന്നു. അപരാധി തൂക്കിലേറ്റപ്പെട്ട ശേഷം “കൊല്ലപ്പെട്ടയാള്' പ്രത്യക്ഷപ്പെട്ട കേസുകൾ വരെ ഉണ്ടായിട്ടുണ്ട്.</div><div><br></div><div>(4) Res judicata : നിയമവ്യവസ്ഥയുടെ അടിസ്ഥാന ശിലയാണ് അത് അല്ലെങ്കിൽ കേസുകള്ക്ക് അവസാനമുണ്ടാവില്ല. കോടതി ഒരിയ്ക്കൽ തീരുമാനിച്ച വിഷയത്തെപ്പറ്റി കേസിലെ അതേ കക്ഷികള് വീണ്ടും വ്യവഹാരത്തില് ഏര്പ്പെടുന്ന അവസ്ഥ വരും. അത് രാജ്യതാല്പര്യത്തിന് നല്ലതല്ല.</div><div><br></div><div>(5) 1958-ലെ സുപ്രീം കോടതിയുടെ സമുദായക്കേസിലെ വിധി: </div><div>ഇപ്പോഴത്തെ പള്ളി തര്ക്കങ്ങളുടെ ആധാരം 1958-ലെ സുപ്രീം കോടതിയുടെ constitutional bench - ന്റെ വിധിയാണ്. അതിനു ശേഷമുണ്ടായ 1995-ലെയും 2017-ലെയും 2019-ലെയും വിധികള് 1958-ലെ തെറ്റായ വിധിയുടെ അടിസ്ഥാനത്തില് മാത്രം ഉണ്ടായതാണ്.</div><div><br></div><div>(6) 1958-ലെ സമുദായ കേസില് സുപ്രീം കോടതിയിൽ അതിപ്രഗത്ഭന്മാരെന്ന് പേരുകേട്ട പാത്രിയാര്ക്കീസ് വിഭാഗം വക്കീലന്മാർ 1928-ലെ വട്ടിപ്പണക്കേസിലെ വിധി സമുദായ കേസിന് res judicata ആയി Binding ആണ് എന്ന് concede ചെയ്തു. ഈ വലിയ തെറ്റ് അഥവാ അമളിയാണ് ഇപ്പോഴത്തെ പള്ളിക്കേസുകളുടെ മൂലകാരണം. ഇത് ആര്ക്കും അറിയില്ലായിരുന്നു.</div><div><br></div><div>(7) വട്ടിപ്പണം കേസ്. മലങ്കര സഭയുടെ പൊതുവായ സ്വത്തുക്കളെപ്പറ്റി അഥവാ വട്ടിപ്പണം മലങ്കര സഭയിലെ രണ്ടു വിഭാഗങ്ങളില് ആര്ക്ക് കൊടുക്കണം എന്നതിനെക്കുറിച്ചായിരുന്നു. ആ കേസില് ഒരു പളളിയും കക്ഷിയായിരുന്നില്ല. കക്ഷിയാക്കേണ്ട ആവശ്യമുണ്ടായിരുന്നില്ല. തിരുവിതാംകൂര് ഹൈക്കോടതി പാത്രിയാര്ക്കീസിന്റെ Spiritual powers vanishing point-ല് എത്തി എന്ന് കണ്ടെത്തി. വട്ടിപണം Orthodox വിഭാഗത്തിന് കൊടുക്കുവാൻ ഉത്തരവിട്ടു. ആ വിധി കോടതിയ്ക്ക് തീരുമാനിയ്ക്കാന് അധികാരമില്ലാത്ത വിശ്വാസ സത്യങ്ങളിൽ തീര്പ്പു കല്പിച്ചു കൊണ്ടായിരുന്നു.</div><div><br></div><div>(8) വട്ടിപ്പണം കേസിലെ വിധി മലങ്കര സഭയുടെ ആയിരത്തില്പ്പരം പള്ളികള്ക്ക് ബാധകമായിരുന്നില്ല. കാരണം പള്ളികള് ആ കേസിൽ കക്ഷികള് ആയിരുന്നില്ല. വട്ടിപ്പണം കേസില് വട്ടിപ്പണം ആര്ക്ക് കൊടുക്കണം എന്നതായിരുന്നു തര്ക്കവിഷയം. ആ കേസ് മലങ്കര സഭയുടെ പൊതുവായ സ്വത്തുക്കളെപ്പറ്റി ആയിരുന്നു. പള്ളികളുടെ സ്വത്തുക്കളെപ്പറ്റി ആയിരുന്നില്ല.</div><div><br></div><div>(9) 1958-ല് സുപ്രീം കോടതിയുടെ ഭരണഘടനാ ബെഞ്ച് വട്ടിപ്പണം കേസിലെ വിധി സമുദായക്കേസിന് Res judicata ആണ് എന്നു വിധിച്ചു. മലങ്കര സഭയുടെ പള്ളികള് ഓര്ത്തഡോക്സ് വിഭാഗം 1934-ല് കൊണ്ടുവന്ന മലങ്കര സഭ ഭരണഘടന അനുസരിച്ച് നടത്തപ്പെടണമെന്ന് വിധിയ്ക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു. 1934 കോൺസ്റ്റിട്യൂഷൻ അനുസരിച്ച് പള്ളികളുടെ സർവ്വാധിപൻ മലങ്കര Metropolitan cum Catholicos ആണ്. ഈ വിധിയോടെ യാക്കോബായക്കാര്ക്ക് തങ്ങളുടെ പള്ളികൾ നഷ്ടപ്പെടുന്നു എന്ന തെറ്റായ നിലവന്നു. ആ വിധി വെറും തെറ്റായ വിധി മാത്രമല്ല, മറിച്ച് നിയമത്തിന്റെ മുൻപിൽ നിലനില്പില്ലാത്ത null and void ആയിട്ടുള്ള വിധിയാണ്. അങ്ങനെ ഒരു വിധിയെ ഇല്ല നിയമദൃഷ്ടിയില്.</div><div><br></div><div>(10) 1958-ലെ സുപ്രീം കോടതി വിധി മലങ്കര സഭയിലെ ആയിരത്തില്പ്പരം വരുന്ന പള്ളികളെയും, (ടസ്റ്റിമാരെയും ഇടവകക്കാരെയും bind ചെയ്യുന്ന ഒരു res judicata അല്ല. കാരണം പലതുണ്ട്. അതില് രണ്ടു മാത്രം ഇവിടെ പറയാം.</div><div><br></div><div>a) 1958-ലെ ഭരണഘടനാ ബെഞ്ചിന്റെ വിധിയില് ഒറ്റ പള്ളി പോലും കക്ഷിയല്ല. അതുകൊണ്ട് ആ വിധി ഒരു പള്ളിക്കും ബാധകമല്ല. കാരണം പള്ളികള് കക്ഷികളല്ലാത്ത കേസിലെ വിധി പള്ളികള്ക്ക് res judicata ആയി binding അല്ല. ഒരു കോടതിയുടെ തെറ്റായ വിധി res judicata ആകണമെങ്കില് കേസിൽ കക്ഷിയായിരിയ്ക്കണം. നമ്മള് കക്ഷിയല്ലാത്ത കേസിലെ വിധി നമ്മള്ക്ക് ബാധകമല്ല. ഇത് ആര്ക്കും നിഷേധിയ്ക്കാനാവാത്ത അടിസ്ഥാന തത്വമാണ്.</div><div><br></div><div>b) മലങ്കര സഭയിലെ ആയിരത്തില്പ്പരം വരുന്ന പള്ളികൾ ആ ഓരോ പളളിയുടേയും trust deed അനുസരിച്ച് അഥവാ അതിന്റെ traditions അനുസരിച്ച് ഇടവകക്കാരുടെ ഭൂരിപക്ഷാഭിപ്രായ പ്രകാരം നടത്തപ്പെടണമോ അല്ല, മറിച്ച് പാത്രിയാര്ക്കീസ് വിഭാഗം അംഗീകരിയ്ക്കാത്ത 1934-ലെ ഓര്ത്തഡോക്സാകാരുടെ ഭരണഘടന അനുസരിച്ച് നടത്തപ്പെടണമോ എന്ന വിഷയം ഒരു തര്ക്കവിഷയമായി ആ കേസില് പരിഗണനയ്ക്ക് വന്നില്ല. അങ്ങനെ ഒരു വിധിയും ഉണ്ടായിട്ടില്ല. പള്ളികൾ കക്ഷിയല്ലാതിരുന്നതുകൊണ്ട് യഥാര്ത്ഥ തര്ക്കവിഷയവും ഉന്നയിക്കപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല. അതിന്മേല് മെറിറ്റിന്റെ അടിസ്ഥാനത്തിൽ ഒരു തീരുമാനവും ഉണ്ടായിട്ടില്ല. അതുകൊണ്ട് Cause of action estoppel ഇല്ല. Res judicata യും ഇല്ല.</div><div><br></div><div>(11) 1958-ലെ വിധി ആയിരത്തില്പ്പരം വരുന്ന പള്ളികളെയും ഇടവകക്കാരെയും സംബന്ധിച്ചിടത്തോളം Res judicata അല്ല. മറിച്ച് re inter alios ആണ്. Void ab initio ആണ്. നിയമദൃഷ്ടിയില് അങ്ങനെയൊരു വിധിയെ ഇല്ല. പക്ഷേ ഈ വസ്തുത, ഈ വലിയ പിഴവ് സുപ്രീം കോടതിയിലെ വലിയ വക്കീലന്മാര് മനസ്സിലാക്കാതെ പോയി. തുടര്ന്ന് 1995-ല് വിധിയുണ്ടായി, സമുദായക്കേസിലെ വിധിയുടെ ചുവടുവെച്ച് മലിമത്ത് കമ്മീഷൻ വന്നു. ഇലക്ഷന് നടത്താന്. പ്രശ്നങ്ങള്ക്ക് പക്ഷേ പരിഹാരമുണ്ടായില്ല. വ്യവഹാരങ്ങൾ തുടര്ന്നു. 2017 K.S.Varghese ലെ വിധി വന്നു. 1958 ലെ തെറ്റ് തിരുത്തപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല എന്നു മാത്രമല്ല ആ തെറ്റുകൾ Justice Misra ആണിയിട്ട് ഉറപ്പിച്ചു.</div><div><br></div><div>(12) K.S.Varghese കേസ് കോലഞ്ചേരി, വരിക്കോലി, മണ്ണത്തൂര് എന്നീ പള്ളികളെപ്പറ്റി ആയിരുന്നു. അത് representative suit കൾ ആയിരുന്നതുകൊണ്ട് അതിലെ വിധി ഈ മൂന്നു പള്ളികളെയും, അതിന്റെ ട്രസ്റ്റിമാരെയും കേസില് നേരിട്ട് കക്ഷികളല്ലാത്ത ഇടവകക്കാരെയും bind ചെയ്യുന്ന res judicata ആണ്. പക്ഷേ Justice Arun Misra constructive res judicata എന്ന തത്വത്തിന്റെ അന്തസത്ത മനസ്സിലാക്കാതെ ആ കേസിലെ വിധി ആ കേസില് കക്ഷികളല്ലാത്ത മറ്റു പള്ളികള്ക്ക് ബാധകമാണ് എന്ന് വിധിച്ചു. കേസില് കക്ഷികളല്ലാത്ത പള്ളികളെ സംബന്ധിച്ചിടത്തോളം അരുണ് മിശ്രയുടെ ആ വിധി res judicata അല്ല. Binding അല്ല Nullity ആണ്.</div><div><br></div><div>(13) Constructive Res judicata എന്നാൽ എന്താണ്? കേസിലെ കക്ഷികള് അല്ലാത്തവര്ക്ക് വിധി binding ആണ് എന്ന് അല്ല. പക്ഷേ നമ്മുടെ നിയമസമൂഹം ഈ തെറ്റ് മനസ്സിലാക്കിയില്ല. കേരള ഹൈക്കോടതി CRPF നെ വരെ വിളിച്ച് “സുപ്രീം കോടതി വിധി” നടപ്പാക്കാന് ഉത്തരവിട്ടു! കേരള സർക്കാർ ആകട്ടെ സുപ്രീം കോടതി വിധി നടപ്പാക്കാന് പ്രതിജഞാബദ്ധരാണ് എന്ന് ആണയിട്ടു. പക്ഷേ ഹൈക്കോടതി നടപ്പാക്കാന് ബാദ്ധ്യതപ്പെട്ട ഏതെങ്കിലും ഒരു സുപ്രീം കോടതി വിധിയുണ്ടോ? ഇല്ല എന്നതാണ് ആര്ക്കും തർക്കിക്കാൻ കഴിയാത്ത യാഥാര്ത്ഥ്യം. നഗ്നസത്യം. ഈ സത്യം മറച്ചുവയ്ക്കാൻ വേണ്ടി എന്നെ ആക്രമിയ്ക്കുന്നു. നിശ്ശബ്ദനാക്കാൻ വെമ്പല് കൊള്ളുന്നു.</div><div><br></div><div>(14) സുപ്രീം കോടതിയ്ക്ക് Judgment in rem എന്ന വാക്കിന്റെ ശരിയായ അര്ത്ഥം മനസ്സിലാക്കുന്നതിൽ വന്ന വീഴ്ചയാണ് കെ.എസ്. വര്ഗ്ഗീസിന്റെയും PMA മെട്രോപോളിറ്റൻ കേസുകളുടെയും ആധാരം. Representative suit-ലെ വിധി Judgment in rem ആകണമെന്ന് നിര്ബന്ധമില്ല. In rem എന്നാല് as against the whole world എന്നാണ് അര്ത്ഥം. സഭാക്കേസില് “Judgment in rem” എന്ന concept – ന് തന്നെ പ്രസക്തിയില്ല. ഇനി ഉണ്ട് എന്നു കരുതുക. ഒരു വിധി കേസിലെ കക്ഷികളുടെ status അല്ലെങ്കിൽ ടൈറ്റിൽ ചേഞ്ച് ചെയ്യുന്നുവെങ്കിൽ Judgment in rem ആണ്. ഉദാഹരണത്തിന് ഭാര്യയും ഭര്ത്താവും തമ്മിലുള്ള കേസിൽ divorce grant ചെയ്താൽ Judgment in rem ആണ്. As against the whole world. കാരണം അവരുടെ Status change വന്നു. Third parties - ന് അവരുമായി വിവാഹബന്ധത്തിലേര്പ്പെടാം അതേ സമയം Divorce reject ചെയ്താലോ, അത് Judgment in personam ആണ്. Status -ല് ഒരു വ്യത്യാസവും വന്നില്ല.</div><div><br></div><div>(15) 2019 Justice Arun Misra, Fr.Issac Mattummel എന്ന കേസില് 2017 -ലെ തെറ്റ് വീണ്ടും ആവര്ത്തിച്ചു. ഓർത്തോഡോക്സുകാർ പള്ളിപിടുത്തം തുടര്ന്നു. സുപ്രീം കോടതിയുടെ ജഡ്ജ്മെന്റിന്റെ പേരിൽ. പക്ഷേ അങ്ങനെ ഒരു ജഡ്ജ്മെന്റ് ഇല്ല എന്നു ചൂണ്ടിക്കാണിക്കാൻ ഞാനല്ലാതെ വേറാരും രംഗത്തു വന്നില്ല. ജസ്റ്റിസ് കെ.ടി.തോമസ് ഉള്പ്പെടെ.</div><div><br></div><div>(16) ഞാന് സ്വയം പ്രകീര്ത്തിക്കുകയാണ് എന്നു കരുതരുത്. മേല്പ്പറഞ്ഞ fundamental errors കട്ടച്ചിറക്കാർ 2018-ല് എന്റെ അടുത്ത് വന്നപ്പോൾ ദൈവകൃപയാൽ എന്റെ ശ്രദ്ധയിൽപ്പെട്ടു. പള്ളിക്കേസിന് വളരെ നീണ്ട ചരിത്രമുണ്ട്. ജഡ്ജുമെന്റുകള് ആയിരക്കണക്കിന് പേജുകളാണ്. ഈ തടിയന് ജഡ്ജ്മെന്റും റെക്കോഡുകളും പരിശോധിച്ചാൽ മേല്പ്പറഞ്ഞ തെറ്റ് ശ്രദ്ധയില്പ്പെടുകയില്ല. റെക്കോഡ്സും ജഡ്ജ്മെന്റും എല്ലാം മടക്കിവെച്ച് ആലോചിച്ചാൽ എത്ര കുഴഞ്ഞ കേസ് ആണെങ്കിൽ കൂടിയും അതിലെ അടിസ്ഥാനപരമായ തെറ്റ് മനസ്സിലാകും. പള്ളിക്കേസ് വലിയ errors ആണ്. അതിലും എത്രയോ വലിയ errors ആണ് കേശവാനന്ദഭാരതി, Judges 2, 3 and NJAC കേസ് തുടങ്ങിയവയിലെ സുപ്രീം കോടതി വിധികള്. ആയിരക്കണക്കിന് പേജ് വരുന്ന ഈ ജഡ്ജ്മെന്റുകൾ വായിച്ചവര് ചുരുക്കം. അതിലെ തെറ്റു മനസ്സിലാക്കിയവര് അതിലും ചുരുക്കം.</div><div><br></div><div>(17) തെറ്റുകള് പറ്റുക മനുഷ്യസഹജമാണ്. നമ്മള് സാധാരണക്കാരേക്കാൾ വലിയ തെറ്റുകൾ പറ്റിയിരിക്കുന്നത് Pope മാര്ക്കും Arch Bishop മാര്ക്കും Chief Justice മാര്ക്കും മറ്റുമാണ് എന്നത് ചരിത്രം പഠിച്ചിട്ടുളള ആര്ക്കും മനസ്സിലാകും.</div><div><br></div><div>(18) 2017-ലെ കെ.എസ്.വര്ഗീസ് വിധി ആർട്ടിക്കിൾ 141 പ്രകാരം രാജ്യത്തെ നിയമമാണ്. അതുകൊണ്ട് അത് നടപ്പാക്കിയേ മതിയാകൂ എന്നതാണ് പൊതുവായ ധാരണ. ജസ്റ്റിസ് കെ.ടി.തോമസ് പോലും മറിച്ച് പറഞ്ഞ് കണ്ടില്ല. അത് എന്നെ അങ്ങേയറ്റം വിസ്മയിപ്പിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്. സുപ്രീം കോടതി വിധി പാര്ലമെന്റ് നിര്മ്മിക്കുന്ന നിയമം പോലെ രാജ്യത്തെ നിയമമല്ല. സുപ്രീം കോടതി വിധി law of the land ഉം അല്ല. Law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all Courts within the territory of India എന്നു വെച്ചാല് സുപ്രീം കോടതി ഏതെങ്കിലും ഒരു പുതിയ നിയമതത്വം reaffirm ചെയ്യുകയോ അല്ലെങ്കിൽ നിലവിലുള്ള നിയമതത്വം evolve ചെയ്യുകയോ ചെയ്താൽ അത് ഒരു precedent എന്ന നിലയില് രാജ്യത്തെ കോടതികള്ക്ക് binding ആണ് എന്നു മാത്രമേ ആർട്ടിക്കിൾ 141 പറയുന്നുള്ളു. സുപ്രീം കോടതി ഏതെങ്കിലും കേസില് Law decare ചെയ്തിട്ടുണ്ടോ ഉണ്ടെങ്കില് അത് follow ചെയ്യണമോ എന്നത് ഏത് കോടതിയിലാണോ സുപ്രീംകോടതിയുടെ ജഡ്ജ്മെന്റ് cite ചെയ്യുന്നത് ആ കോടതിയാണ് തീരുമാനിക്കേണ്ടത്. ഉദാഹരണത്തിന് ഒരു മുന്സിഫ് മുന്പാകെ സുപ്രീം കോടതിയുടെ 3, 5, 7, 9 എന്നീ ജഡ്ജുമാരുള്ള ബെഞ്ചിന്റെ ജഡ്ജ്മെന്റ് cite ചെയ്യുകയാണെങ്കിൽ ആ മുൻസിഫിന് 3 ജഡ്ജുമാരുടെ ജഡ്ജ്മെന്റാണ് ശരിയെന്ന് തോന്നുന്നുവെങ്കിൽ അത് ഫോളോ ചെയ്യാം. സുപ്രീംകോടതിയുടെ Judgment per incuriam ആണ് എന്ന് മുൻസിഫിന് ബോധ്യപ്പെട്ടാൽ ഫോളോ ചെയ്യേണ്ട കാര്യമില്ല.</div><div><br></div><div>(19) ഞാന് precedent -ന് എതിരല്ല. Common Law യുടെ 4 അടിസ്ഥാന തൂണുകളിൽ ഒന്നാണ് precedent. ഒരു പക്ഷേ ഏറ്റവും ശക്തമായ തൂണ്. Precedent എന്നു പറഞ്ഞാല് reason for the decision എന്നാണ് അര്ത്ഥം. നമ്പർ അല്ല. കൂടുതല് ജഡ്ജുമാരടങ്ങിയ ബെഞ്ചിന്റെ വിധി ന്യായമായിട്ടും കൂടുതല് ശരിയായിരിക്കാൻ സാദ്ധ്യതയുണ്ട് എന്നാണ് സങ്കല്പം. അതിനും ഞാന് എതിരല്ല. സത്യത്തില് Minority judgments ആണ് പലപ്പോഴും കൂടുതല് ശരി. അത് എന്തുമാകട്ടെ, പള്ളിക്കേസില് ആർട്ടിക്കിൾ 141- ന് ഒരു പ്രസക്തിയുമില്ല. സമുദായക്കേസിലോ, PMA മെട്രോപൊളീറ്റൻ കേസിലോ അല്ലെങ്കില് കെ.എസ്.വര്ഗീസിലോ ഒരു പുതിയ principle evolve ചെയ്യുകയോ reaffirm ചെയ്യുകയോഉണ്ടായില്ല. ആ ജഡ്ജുമെന്റുകള് Res judicata യും അല്ല. Precedent ഉം അല്ല. Null and void ആണ്. സത്യത്തിൽ ഇന്ത്യൻ സുപ്രീം കോർട്ട് കഴിഞ്ഞ 70 വര്ഷത്തിനിടയിൽ ഒരു പുതിയ പ്രിന്സിപ്പിളും evolve ചെയ്തതായി എനിയ്ക്കറിയില്ല. ഞാന് പലരോടും ചോദിച്ചു. ആര്ക്കും ഒന്നും ഇതുവരെ പറയാന് കഴിഞ്ഞിട്ടില്ല. ഭരണഘടനാ ശിൽപികൾ ആർട്ടിക്കിൾ 141 ഭരണഘടന യിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയില്ലായിരുന്നുവെങ്കില് ഒരുപാട് തെറ്റിദ്ധാരണകള് ഒഴിവാക്കപ്പെടുമായിരുന്നു.</div><div>(20) എന്താണ് പോംവഴി : പള്ളിക്കേസ് ഒരു കുമളയാണ്. ഞാന് മേല്പ്പറഞ്ഞ കാര്യങ്ങൾ പകലും രാത്രിയും പോലെ വൃക്തമാണ്. ഇതുവരെ ആരും ഞാന് പറയുന്നത് എന്തുകൊണ്ട് തെറ്റാണ് എന്ന് ചൂണ്ടിക്കാട്ടിയിട്ടില്ല. മറിച്ച് എന്നെ പറയാൻ അനുവദിയ്ക്കുന്നില്ല. ഞാന് പറയുന്ന കാര്യങ്ങൾ റെക്കോഡ് ചെയ്യാൻ വിസമ്മതിയ്ക്കുന്നു. അത് എന്റെ ആത്മവിശ്വാസം വര്ദ്ധിപ്പിച്ചിട്ടേയുള്ളു. പകല് എത്രകാലം രാത്രിയാണ് എന്ന് നടിയ്ക്കാന് പറ്റും. സൂര്യനും ചന്ദ്രനും സത്യവും ഒരിക്കലും മറച്ചുവയ്ക്കാന് കഴിയില്ല എന്ന ബുദ്ധന്റെ വാക്കുകളാണ് എന്റെ ആത്മവിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ ആധാരം. ഞാന് പറയുന്നതിനോട് ഭയമാണ്. കാരണം ഞാന് പറയുന്നതിന് മറുപടി ഇല്ല.</div><div><br></div><div>(21) കേരള സര്ക്കാരോ, അല്ലെങ്കില് യാക്കോബായ വിഭാഗത്തിന്റെ തലവന് Joseph Mar Gregorious ബിഷപ്പോ മേല്പ്പറഞ്ഞ സത്യം ഉറക്കെ വിളിച്ചു പറയാൻ തയ്യാറായാല് പളളിക്കേസ് എന്നെന്നേയ്ക്കുമായി അവസാനിച്ചു. കോടതികള്ക്ക് ഈ യാഥാര്ത്ഥ്യം അംഗീകരിച്ചേ പറ്റു.</div><div>മാത്യൂസ് ജെ. നെടുംപാറ </div><div>9820232428</div><div><br></div><div>അടിക്കുറിപ്പ്</div><div><br></div><div>ജസ്റ്റീസുമാരായ ദേവന് രാമചന്ദ്രനും അലക്സാണ്ടർ തോമസും എന്നോട് വളരെ മോശമായി പെരുമാറി എന്നത് സത്യമാണ്. ജ. ദേവന് രാമചന്ദ്രൻ കോതമംഗലം കേസ് കേൾക്കാൻ പാടില്ല എന്ന് ഞാന് പറഞ്ഞിരുന്നു. അത് അദ്ദേഹത്തോടുള്ള വിരോധം കൊണ്ടല്ല. അദ്ദേഹം വക്കീലായിരുന്നപ്പോള് പാത്രിയാര്ക്കീസ് കാര്ക്കുവേണ്ടി കേസ് വാദിച്ചിരുന്നു. ഒരു ജഡ്ജ് താൻ വക്കീലായിട്ടോ, അല്ലെങ്കില് കക്ഷിയായിട്ടോ, സാക്ഷിയായിട്ടോ, ഉള്പ്പെട്ട കേസില് ജഡ്ജ് ആകാൻ പാടില്ല എന്നത് ഒരു fundamental principle ആണ്. ആ വാദം ഞാന് ഉന്നയിച്ചിരുന്നു. കാരണം അത് പറയേണ്ടത് എന്റെ കടമയാണ്. അതിന്റെ പേരില് ജ. ദേവന് രാമചന്ദ്രന് എന്നോട് വിദ്വേഷം ഉണ്ടാകേണ്ട കാര്യമില്ല. എന്നോട് വളരെ hostile ആയിട്ടാണ് അദ്ദേഹം പെരുമാറുന്നത് എന്നത് ഒട്ടേറെ ആളുകൾ എന്നോടും പറഞ്ഞിട്ടുണ്ട്. അതെല്ലാം ഒരു occupational risk- ന്റെ ഭാഗമാണ്. ഒരു കാര്യം വ്യക്തമാക്കട്ടെ എന്നെ കള്ളക്കേസിൽ കുടുക്കി, അപകീര്ത്തിപ്പെടുത്തി ഇല്ലാതാക്കാൻ ചിലരെല്ലാം ശ്രമിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്. പക്ഷേ അത് അവര്ക്ക് തന്നെ വിനയായിട്ടേയുള്ളു. God is truth; truth is God. എനിക്ക് സത്യമെന്ന ദൈവത്തിൽ അത്രമാത്രം അചഞ്ചലമായ വിശ്വാസമുണ്ട്. സത്യം താല്ക്കാലികമായി മറയ്ക്കപ്പെടാം. ആത്യന്തികമായി സത്യം മാത്രമേ നിലനില്ക്കു. ആ വിശ്വാസം ഒന്നു മാത്രമാണ് പള്ളിക്കേസിലെ സത്യം തുറന്നു പറയാന് എനിയ്ക്ക് ധൈര്യം തരുന്നത്. യാക്കോബാക്കോരോടുളള നീതി നിഷേധത്തിന് അവസാനം വരുത്താന് ഞാൻ ഒറ്റയാൾ മതിയെന്ന വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ ആധാരം സത്യമാണ് ദൈവം എന്ന വിശ്വാസമാണ്. ആ വിശ്വാസമാണ് എന്നെ ആക്ഷേപിക്കുന്നവരേയും ദ്രോഹിക്കുന്നവരേയും എനിയ്ക്ക് ക്ഷമിക്കാൻ കഴിയുന്നതിന്റെ ആധാരം.</div><div><br></div><div>മാത്യൂസ് ജെ. നെടുംപാറ </div><div>9820535428</div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-69337509487049299082021-11-07T13:56:00.001+03:002021-11-07T13:56:50.545+03:00Utharappalli River (ഉത്തരപ്പള്ളിയാർ )<p><strong>Utharappalli River</strong> (ഉത്തരപ്പള്ളിയാർ ) is the 45th River of Kerala though not listed under major rivers of Kerala.</p><p>With a length of 18 Kms connecting directly from <strong>Achankovil Rive</strong>r , Venmani, Alappuzha District to <strong>Pamba River</strong> and with two major tributaries totaling a length of 34 Kms , is definitely one of the major river network in south Kerala.</p><p>Utharappalli River used to meet the drinking water and agricultural requirement of around 100,000 people spread across 70 Sq Kms Area in five Panchayaths of Alappuzha District.</p><p>With insensitive development projects, encroachments , the water flow ceased to exist and river running dry through out the year even though both connecting to rivers with plenty of water. </p><p>In addition to above during Rainy season and and even with minor shower, the entire area floods as there is no way to drain the water.</p><p>Irrespective of winning the case in Hugh Court to restore the river to its pristine glory, no action being taken at departmental level.</p><p>The plight of River can be seen in videos' and news paper reports available in the <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/1308148809541651" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="corgi__sc-1fflt50-0 dUWvYD">Facebook</a> group of activists.</p><p>Currently the population of 100,000 people around the river having acute water shortage, loss of agriculture and suffering severe illness due to water pollution.</p>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-23049536591702462542021-10-30T10:44:00.001+03:002021-10-30T10:44:52.498+03:00LATEST JUDGMENTS 29-10-2021<div>LATEST JUDGMENTS 29-10-2021</div><div><br></div><div>Mushrooming of illegal, unauthorised and unlicensed bunks in road side – Cannot be allowed -- 2021 (6) KHC 51 : 2021 KHC OnLine 686</div><div><br></div><div>Custody of accused not required at the time of investigation – Held, he has to be released on bail at the time of appearance in Court, subsequent to filing of charge-sheet -- 2021 (6) KHC 54 : 2021 KHC OnLine 6572 (SC)</div><div><br></div><div>Abkari Act – Magistrate is not empowered to draw sample from the contraband produced before him -- 2021 (6) KHC 92 : 2021 KHC OnLine 690</div><div><br></div><div>Presumption that seizure of forest produce belonging to State, automatically cannot result in a presumption of culpable mental state of accused -- 2021 (6) KHC 27 : 2021 (2) KLD 677 : 2021 KHC OnLine 6574 (SC)</div><div><br></div><div>Building Tax Act – Redetermination of plinth area is permissible for assessment of luxury tax -- 2021 (6) KHC 45 : 2021 KHC OnLine 674</div><div><br></div><div>Bank cannot refuse to pay proceeds of a fixed deposit, to the holder of deposit, on the ground that a consent is required from a person from whose account, amount for opening the fixed deposit account was debited -- 2021 (6) KHC 65 : 2021 KHC OnLine 656</div><div><br></div><div>Application filed under S.8(1) to refer the parties to arbitration – Dismissal of – Appeal not maintainable -- 2021 (6) KHC 1 : 2021 KHC OnLine 637 (DB)</div><div><br></div><div>PC Act S.17A – Public servant not made an accused at the time of registration of FIR, but subsequent to commencement of investigation – Approval under Section 17A is not required in such a case -- 2021 KHC 439 : 2021 (6) KHC SN 1 : 2021 (2) KLD 690 : 2021 KHC OnLine 439</div><div><br></div><div>MACT — In absence of salary certificate, minimum wage notification can be a yardstick -- 2021 (6) KHC 80 : 2021 KHC OnLine 6564 (SC)</div><div><br></div><div>Rate of professional tax as provided in Rule 3(2) is the maximum permissible — Reduction of tax can be sought for with supporting documents -- 2021 (6) KHC 59 : 2021 KHC OnLine 679</div><div><br></div><div>NGT has power to exercise suo motu jurisdiction in discharge of its functions under the NGT Act -- 2021 KHC 6609 : 2021 (6) KHC SN 2 : 2021 KHC OnLine 6609 (SC)</div><div><br></div><div>Employees retired on superannuation from Panchayat service – Amount sought to be recovered from them for default committed in collecting taxes by them while in service – Recovery can be made only within a period of four years from the date on which tax has been assessed -- 2021 (6) KHC 42 : 2021 KHC OnLine 537</div><div><br></div><div>Any person or organization who may be interested in the subject-matter is permitted to approach NGT -- 2021 KHC 6609 : 2021 (6) KHC SN 2 : 2021 KHC OnLine 6609 (SC)</div><div><br></div><div>Raising of an additional demand in the form of "short assessment notice", on the ground that, in the bills raised during a particular period of time, multiply factor was wrongly mentioned, held, cannot tantamount to deficiency in service -- 2021 KHC 6596 : 2021 (6) KHC SN 3 : 2021 KHC OnLine 6596 (SC)</div><div><br></div><div>District Collector has no power to condone delay while entertaining a revision petition under S.13 of Building Tax Act -- 2021 (6) KHC 45 : 2021 KHC OnLine 674</div><div><br></div><div>SARFASI Act S.14 — At the stage of passing orders, authorised Magistrate is not even mandated to issue notice to borrower or even hear borrower -- 2021 (6) KHC 83 : 2021 KHC OnLine 654</div><div><br></div><div>Partition Act S.4 — When a defendant does assert his claim for separation of a share from dwelling house even in his capacity as a defendant, right under S.4 can be availed of by members of undivided family -- 2021 (6) KHC 101 : 2021 KHC OnLine 672</div><div><br></div><div>List of Articles</div><div><br></div><div>Swearing-in-ceremony of Hon'ble Mr. Justice C. Jayachandran, Mrs. Justice Sophy Thomas, Mr. Justice P. G. Ajith Kumar & Mrs. Justice C. S. Sudha </div><div><br></div><div>Speech by </div><div><br></div><div>Sri. K. Gopalakrishna Kurup, Advocate General, State of Kerala -- J-1</div><div><br></div><div>Sri. Thomas Abraham, President, KHCAA ---J-5</div><div><br></div><div>Reply Speech by </div><div><br></div><div>Hon'ble Mr. Justice C. Jayachandran ---- J-8</div><div><br></div><div>Hon'ble Mrs. Justice Sophy Thomas ---- J-10</div><div><br></div><div>Hon'ble Mr. Justice P. G. Ajith Kumar ----J-13</div><div><br></div><div>Hon'ble Mrs. Justice C. S. Sudha ----J-15</div><div><br></div><div>Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer's remembered for ever ---Sri. P. B. Sahasranaman, Advocate ---J-17</div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3649039462160260925.post-30732074028248487022021-10-23T08:56:00.001+03:002021-10-23T08:56:54.366+03:00ഈ വിശ്രമ വേതനം (പെൻഷൻ) നൽകിയത് എഡി. 1860 മുതൽ എഡി. 1880 വരെ തിരുവിതാംകൂർ ഭരിച്ചിരുന്ന ആയില്ല്യം തിരുനാൾ രാമവർമ്മ മഹാ രാജാവാണ്. <div>ഇന്ന് സർക്കാർ ജീവനക്കാർ ഉദ്യോഗത്തിൽ നിന്നും വിരമിക്കുമ്പോൾ അവരു ടെയും കുടുംബത്തിന്റെയും ജീവിത ചിലവുകൾക്കു വേണ്ടി ഒരു തുക മാ സം തോറും സർക്കാർ ഖാജനാവിൽ നിന്നും കൊടുത്തു വരുന്നുണ്ടല്ലോ!!!!!!!! അതിനെ ആണല്ലോ വിശ്രമ വേതനം അഥവാ അടുത്തൂൺ അഥവാ പെൻ ഷ ൻ എന്നു പറയുന്നത്. ഈ പെൻഷൻ അനുവദിച്ചു തന്നത് ആരാണെന്ന് പെ ൻഷൻ വാങ്ങുന്ന ആരെങ്കിലും ഓർക്കുന്നുണ്ടോ? ജന്മവാർഷികവും ചരമ വാ ര്ഷികവും സ്ഥാപകദിനവും മറ്റും ആചരിക്കുമ്പോൾ സർക്കാർ ജീവനക്കാ ർ ക്കും അതുപോലെ ഉള്ള ചില ജീവനക്കാർക്കും മരണം വരെയും അതി നു ശേഷം ആശ്രിതർക്കു കുടുംബ പെൻഷനും നൽകിയ ആ മഹൽ വ്യക്തിയെ കുറിച്ച് ആരും ഓർക്കുകയോ അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ ജന്മദിനമോ ചരമ ദിനമോ അല്ലെങ്കിൽ ആ നിയമം പ്രവർത്തികമാക്കുകയോ ചെയ്ത് ദിവസത്തെയോ ഒരു പ്രത്യേക ദിവസമായി ആചരിക്കുകയോ ചെയ്യുന്നില്ല. ഈ കോവിഡ് കാലത്ത് ഒരു വിഷമം പോലും ഇല്ലാതെ സർക്കാർ ജോലിയിൽ നിന്നും പിരിഞ്ഞിട്ട് ജീവിക്കുന്നവർ ആ മഹൽ വ്യക്തി തന്ന അടുത്തൂൺ അല്ലെങ്കിൽ പെൻഷൻ കൊണ്ടാണെന്നു പറയുന്നതിൽ തെറ്റില്ല എന്ന് തോന്നുന്നു. </div><div><br></div><div>ഈ വിശ്രമ വേതനം (പെൻഷൻ) നൽകിയത് എഡി. 1860 മുതൽ എഡി. 1880 വരെ തിരുവിതാംകൂർ ഭരിച്ചിരുന്ന ആയില്ല്യം തിരുനാൾ രാമവർമ്മ മഹാ രാജാവാണ്. ഇങ്ങനത്തെ ഒരു വിശ്രമ വേതനം സർക്കാർ ഉദ്യോഗത്തിൽ നിന്നും വിരമിക്കുന്ന എല്ലാവർക്കും കൊടുക്കണമെന്ന് ദീർഘദർശ്ശിയായ മ ഹാ രാജാ വ് തീരുമാനിക്കുന്നതിന് ഒരു കാരണം ഉണ്ടായി. ആയില്ല്യം തിരുനാൾ രാമവർമ്മ മഹാരാജാവിന്റെ കൊട്ടാരം സേവകനായിരുന്ന കൊച്ചപ്പൻ പിള്ള പ്രായാധിക്യം കാരണം ജോലിയിൽ നിന്നും വിരമിച്ചു. അദ്ദേഹം വ ലിയ പ്രാരബ്ദക്കാരനായിരുന്നു. കൊട്ടാരത്തിൽ നിന്നും കിട്ടിക്കൊണ്ടിരുന്ന ശമ്പ ളം മാത്രമായിരുന്നു അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ വലിയ കുടുംബത്തിനു ഉണ്ടായിരുന്ന ഏക ആശ്രയം. ആ വരവ് ഇല്ലാതായപ്പോൾ ആ കുടുംബം മുഴു പട്ടിണി യി ലായി. ഭക്ഷണം ഇല്ലാ തെ ആ കുടുംബം വല്ലാതെ വിഷമിച്ചു. കൂനിന്മേൽ കുരുവെന്നപോലെ അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ കുട്ടികൾ രോഗാതുരരായി. കുട്ടികൾ ഓ രോരുത്തരായി മരണ ത്തിനു കീഴ്പെട്ട് തുടങ്ങി. അങ്ങിനെ അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ നാലു കുട്ടികൾ അകാല മൃ ത്യുവിനി ര യായി തീർന്നു . </div><div><br></div><div>ഈ ദുഃഖപൂർണ്ണമായ സംഭവം നാട്ടുകാരറിഞ്ഞു. കൂടാതെ മഹാരാജാവി ന്റെ മുന്പിലുമെത്തി. ഈ വാർത്തകേട്ട് മഹാരാജാവ് വളരെ ദുഃഖിതനായി. അ ദ്ദേ ഹം ഉടൻ തന്നെ വേണ്ടപ്പെട്ട ഉദ്യോഗസ്ഥന്മാരെ വരുത്തി കാര്യാലോചന ചെയ്തു. ഇനിയും ഇങ്ങനത്തെ ഒരു സ്ഥിതി ഒരു സർക്കാർ ജീവനക്കാരനും വരരുതെന്ന് മഹാരാജാവ് തീരുമാനിച്ചു .</div><div>അതിന്പ്രകാരം കൊച്ചപ്പൻ പിള്ളക്ക് ജീവിത ചിലവിനു വേണ്ടി മാസം തോ റും ഒരു തുക ഖജനാവിൽ നിന്നും കൊടുക്കാൻ ഉത്തരവായി. കൂടാതെ ഉ ദ്യോ ഗത്തിൽ നിന്നും പിരിഞ്ഞു പോകുന്ന എല്ലാ സർക്കാർ ജീവനക്കാർക്കും മാസം തോറും ഒരു നിശ്ചിത തുക ഖജനാവിൽ നിന്നും കൊടുക്കാൻ വേ ണ്ടു ന്ന നിയമം ദിവാൻ ആയിരുന്ന സർ ടി. മാധവറാ വുമാ യി ആലോചിച്ച് ഒരു വിളംബരം മൂലം അനുവദിച്ചു കൊടുത്തു. ഇങ്ങിനെ കിട്ടുന്ന തുകക്ക് അടുത്തൂൺ എന്ന് മലയാളത്തിലും സർവീസ് പെ ൻ ഷൻ എന്നു ഇംഗ്ലീഷിലും പറയുന്നു.</div><div>എഡി 1864 ഓഗസ്റ്റ് 15-ാം തീയതി (കൊല്ലവർഷം 1040 ചിങ്ങം 1) തിരുവിതാംകൂർ മഹാരാജാവായിരുന്ന ആയില്ല്യം തിരുനാൾ രാമവർമ്മ മഹാരാജാവ് ഒരു വിളംബരത്തിൽകൂടി നിയമം പ്രാബല്യത്തിൽ ആക്കി. ഇന്നും അത് അൽപ്പ സ്വൽപ്പ വ്യത്യാസത്തോടുകൂടി നടക്കുന്നു</div>Kalluvalayamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01802952360059604961noreply@blogger.com0